tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-51883829223208624022024-02-08T05:03:09.888-08:00Writing effective essaysAlcoholism Paper Topicscindygonzal24http://www.blogger.com/profile/00742844177696111557noreply@blogger.comBlogger37125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5188382922320862402.post-37472455733461953882020-09-03T23:57:00.001-07:002020-09-03T23:57:10.882-07:00Comparing a devised piece with MacBeth Essay Example For StudentsContrasting a concocted piece and MacBeth Essay I am looking at the two plays Wake Up and Macbeth. Shakespeare composed Macbeth in 1606, however it was set in around 1040. Wake Up, our conceived piece, was written in 2005, where the play is likewise set.à Macbeth is a Shakespearian catastrophe, set freely around the hour of 1040. There are away from of doubt, plotting, misdirection, blood and murder inside the play. One reason Shakespeare composed the Macbeth was to satisfy the ruler at that point, James I of England. The tale of Macbeth is commonly based around Raphael Holinsheds authentic composition, Chronicles of England Scotland and Ireland, which portrays story of a Scottish lord who killed his way to the seat in 1040 as Macbeth does in the play. This tribute to James Is Scottish parentage, and the way that Banquo is an honorable man isn't insignificant occurrence; this was the name of the organizer of the illustrious group of Stuarts in Scotland, to whom James can follow his legacy. Ruler James was additionally a sound devotee to the mysterious, so Shakespeare remembered the heavenly thought of witches for request to engage James Is philosophical interests. Wake Up was both composed and set in 2005. It was composed as a formulated GCSE piece, and the upgrade for the thought was a bit of text about dreams and reality. There are different hidden topics, for example, dreams and reality, double dealing, and Heaven and Hell. The thought was to make a play which, while being practical, was simultaneously strange in places.à The plot in Macbeth bases on the ascent and fall of Macbeth himself. It opens with Macbeth being made Thane of Cawdor for his courage in fight, slaughtering the contradicting pioneer Macdonwald. Now, Macbeth seems a solid, respectable character He at that point meets witches, who reveal to him he will become King. Banquo is informed that his relatives will become Kings. Banquo is dubious, however Macbeth is handily influenced towards the witches favor, and his character debilitates. In the wake of King Duncan has named his child the following King, Macbeth sees his odds diminish; his expectations at that point turn malignant. Woman Macbeth learns of the prescience, and plots with Macbeth to execute Duncan. After the deed is done, Duncans children escape, leaving Macbeth the seat. He feels triumphant, as the prediction has worked out. Banquo gets dubious now, so Macbeth has Banquo and his child, Fleance, executed. This fills him with blame, yet he believes he has gone too far to even think about backing out now. Woman Macbeth at that point gets crazy, fixated on blood on all fours self destruction. Macbeth is demoralized by her passing. Malcolm and Macduff plot against Macbeth and afterward assault. Macbeth feels strong as he can't be executed by one of lady conceived. However, Macduff was conceived by cesarean so slaughters Macbeth. Malcolm becomes ruler. In Wake Up, the plot is far more straightforward than Macbeth. In the first place, Joe is no one worth mentioning who lives with his football-crazed flatmate. He is very discouraged with his life. In his fantasies, he meets his twisted inner mind, Hughbert, and a being who he accepts to be his Guardian Angel. Joe then lights up, anyway Hughbert is dubious of the Angel. The Angel right now accepts that he has entrapped Joe, so is content however careful about Hughbert. As the play advances, Joes flatmate, Junior, gets worried about his fantasy fixation. Joe gets resting pills, and invests little energy wakeful. Hughbert attempts quietly to caution Joe that the Angel isnt all he appears. The Angel now accepts he has Joe so riveted that Hughberts indications are worthless, yet knows about Hughberts developing certainty and edginess. The Angel at that point urges Joe to overdose on dozing pills, and in a roundabout way impacts him to slaughter Junior. He is an underhanded, tricky character and realizes that this will be the impact. As Joe leaves the fantasy world, Hughbert, in distress, legitimately cautions Joe, however he is as of now among dreams and reality now. .ub6dd56aeedda62082c749195ed5c0137 , .ub6dd56aeedda62082c749195ed5c0137 .postImageUrl , .ub6dd56aeedda62082c749195ed5c0137 .focused content zone { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .ub6dd56aeedda62082c749195ed5c0137 , .ub6dd56aeedda62082c749195ed5c0137:hover , .ub6dd56aeedda62082c749195ed5c0137:visited , .ub6dd56aeedda62082c749195ed5c0137:active { border:0!important; } .ub6dd56aeedda62082c749195ed5c0137 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ub6dd56aeedda62082c749195ed5c0137 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; mistiness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ub6dd56aeedda62082c749195ed5c0137:active , .ub6dd56aeedda62082c749195ed5c0137:hover { haziness: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ub6dd56aeedda62082c749195ed5c0137 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relative; } .ub6dd56aeedda62082c749195ed5c0137 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-enrichment: underline; } .ub6dd56aeedda62082c749195ed5c0137 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ub6dd56aeedda62082c749195ed5c0137 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe range: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-design: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub6dd56aeedda62082c749195ed5c0137:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .ub6dd56aeedda62082c749195ed5c0137 . focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ub6dd56aeedda62082c749195ed5c0137-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ub6dd56aeedda62082c749195ed5c0137:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Islam Essay SummaryThe Angel at that point executes Hughbert, as he may part with the entire plot. Joe then executes Junior unintentionally in a frantic quest for his resting pills. At the point when he discovers them, in his pocket, he takes an overdose. Back in the fantasy world, the Angel baits Joe into the last room, Hell. When Joe is inside, the Angel (Devil) bolts the entryway and the duality of his character is at last uncovered to Joe. The main character left alive toward the end is the Devil, if his undying presence can be delegated life. There are many likenesses between the plots and characters of these plays. They are both appalling plays, as the endings are of death in the two plays: Macbeth slaughters Macdonwald and a few aggressors; he executes King Duncan in his rest, because of the witches impact; he has Banquo and Fleance murdered; Lady Macbeth ends it all, and Macduff slaughters Macbeth in fight. In Wake Up, Joe executes Junior and himself, his activities affected by the Angel. The Angel himself executes Hughbert. This prompts different likenesses between the plays. The character of Macbeth executes Duncan because of the witches, as Joe murders Junior because of the Angel. The witches would thus be able to be compared to the Angel, drawing their prey with guarantee of enormity, causing demise. This trickery is normal all through the two plays. The passing of Banquo is additionally like the demise of Junior; both Macbeth and Joe murder their closest companions for disrupting the general flow of their anticipated rise. The character of Hughbert bears little resemblance to any characters in Macbeth, be that as it may. Trickiness and demise are fundamental to the two plays. cindygonzal24http://www.blogger.com/profile/00742844177696111557noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5188382922320862402.post-84983165309050941542020-08-25T15:52:00.001-07:002020-08-25T15:52:09.704-07:00Working for Ones Passions free essay sampleI accept that neither enthusiasm without effort nor drive without intrigue is sufficient to accomplish genuine joy. I accept that regardless of your ability, childhood or karma throughout everyday life, on the off chance that one buckles down for something you have faith in, one will consistently accomplish Jeffersonââ¬â¢s purported ââ¬Å"pursuit of happiness.â⬠I see individuals out there with firm dedication yet no hard working attitude to arrive at their objectives. They plunk during each time with their fantasies, and have confidence in their own deception that insignificant eagerness without drive will get them to their fantasies. I have little regard for the individuals who state however don't do. In any case, it is the last gathering of individuals, those with hard working attitude however not conviction, which are increasingly normal and progressively serious an issue in our lives. Without any difficulty, I can consider numerous individuals with relevance to said gathering, including my own family. My folks were conceived in China with minimal expenditure. We will compose a custom exposition test on Working for Ones Passions or then again any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In those days, and in China today, rivalry between your friends was savage; my mother and father spent each waking second concentrating past the educational program to accomplish enough scholastic positioning to come to America and work as software engineers making six-digit compensations. Yet, Iââ¬â¢ve since a long time ago made sense of that they did this because of need and pressure, and not out of enthusiasm. I appreciate their difficult work, yet when I look where it counts into their souls, the work they do is more a check to them than a quest for internal addition. Neither of these ways appears the right way of life to accomplish lifeââ¬â¢s genuine objective of bliss. Be that as it may, at that point I see individuals of every single diverse class, who have both enthusiasm and drive. I see individuals from all unique salary levels, from kindergarten instructors to specialists to performers, buckling down for what they really need to do. Compensations are not what drive them; the activity itself does. My history instructor was an exceptional case of simply that. Brought up as a youngster wonder, she went to an uncommon tuition based school and later twofold majored at Harvard. And keeping in mind that she showed college for some time, she currently shows secondary school history. Numerous individuals experience difficulty seeing a Harvard PhD filling in as a secondary teacher, however I appreciate it. She does it because of her energy for educating, and does it well past the activity prerequisites, endeavoring to do what she trusts in, not to gain an enormous compensation. Once, my history educator revealed to her group, as she was suggesting under studies for the distinctions class one year from now: ââ¬Å"If you are thinking about this since you need a higher GPA and that's it, it would be ideal if you leave as there is zero chance you will prevail in said class.â⬠From her I understood that in spite of the consistently dedicated condition in which our instruction framework relates, the genuine motivation to be in school isnââ¬â¢t for the chance to go to advanced education or finding a decent line of work, yet to gain proficiency with the abilities you have to really discover and work for your energy. What's more, today, I fill in as hard as my folks did, however not for the unadulterated objective of monetary achievement yet the fantasy of really learning, so one day, I may think of enough astuteness from those before me to locate my very own genuine enthusiasm. cindygonzal24http://www.blogger.com/profile/00742844177696111557noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5188382922320862402.post-48594224642214353272020-08-22T21:10:00.001-07:002020-08-22T21:10:10.648-07:00Health and Safety 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 wordsWellbeing and Safety 4 - Essay Example The conditions delineated above may not initially be there, yet may occur during work being completed. These circumstances may incorporate processors radiating residue, welding causing exhaust, or getaway getting troublesome because of hardware previously introduced inside the space, putting forth escape in defense of a crisis troublesome. a) Risk appraisals that require pro information. Regarding a development venture, various degrees of expertise are required to do various complexities of assignments. This order of complexities stretch out to hazard appraisal just as ensuing alleviation also. In enormous and complex ventures, the CDM facilitator himself must have the significant aptitudes and experience to decide where experts and specialists with specific information would should be brought in to evaluate the potential vulnerabilities of a specific errand, and to help in decreasing dangers related with it. For instance, electrical dangers, mining dangers, money related dangers in enormous tasks, all require specialists in those fields to enable the undertaking to guide through the potential issues brought about by slips. Master information permits these specialists to plan the hazard the board techniques to explicitly bargain potential issues in errands identified with their fields. It additionally prescribed to hav e these specialists ready while these assignments are being done, to settle on certain about the best dynamic abilities in the field whenever required in the midst of cindygonzal24http://www.blogger.com/profile/00742844177696111557noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5188382922320862402.post-49584716651704120562020-08-22T05:01:00.001-07:002020-08-22T05:01:34.608-07:00Writing Comparison and Contrast EssaysComposing Comparison and Contrast Essays Composing Comparison and Contrast Essays Composing Comparison and Contrast Essays Among various types of expositions you need to compose at school, correlation and differentiation papers are maybe the most fascinating ones. Composing correlation and complexity papers builds up your scientific aptitudes, you can improve your capacity to think about and make ends. All things considered, in the event that you don't know how to compose a correlation and differentiation paper, you are perusing the correct article. Beginning your examination and complexity essayTo make a decent beginning of your correlation and difference paper, ensure you know the reason for correlation. Start with giving some regular highlights, after that discover the qualities which are unique, and afterward make an end. For example, you don't have the foggiest idea how to compose an examination and differentiation exposition on the Bible. Indeed, choose one story which you like. For instance, let it be an anecdote about Cain and Abel. As an issue of normal h ighlights, compose that them two buckled down. At that point, to differentiate them, start with giving the data that Cain worked in the field, and Abel was a shepherd. At that point, compose that Abel was modest and kind, and Cain was desirous and mean. Once, them two chose to make a penance to God. While God acknowledged Abels blessing, Cains penance was disregarded. That is the reason we can make an end that God finds in a people heart, it is difficult to conceal anything from Him.Comparison differentiate exposition composing secretsWriting examination and difference articles, recall that it is essential to sound unequivocal. In some cases it is difficult to track down focuses to look at. For instance, you may not realize how to compose a correlation and complexity exposition on some cutting edge book. Present day creators regularly abstain from portraying their characters as alternate extremes; they need them to look like genuine individuals which have both positive and negative qualities. This can entangle composing correlation and difference papers. For example, how to compose an examination and complexity exposition on History? On the off chance that you need to think about two poques, pick the primary concerns to portray. They can be the practical circumstance in the nation, the demographical circumstance, the degree of science improvement. Keep in touch with some data about instruction and culture of these periods. Composing correlation and complexity articles on History, it is additionally essential to make reference to the degree of material government assistance of individuals. In end write in which poque people groups life was better. Presently we feel that you realize how to compose a correlation and difference article and you will handily finish your task. cindygonzal24http://www.blogger.com/profile/00742844177696111557noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5188382922320862402.post-87326797862557415222020-08-21T18:52:00.001-07:002020-08-21T18:52:07.661-07:00Music Concert Argumentative Essay Example For StudentsMusic Concert Argumentative Essay Educator Appreciation Concert on Mississippi State University grounds, situated at Mucosa Hall, at 7:30 pm I strolled into something I had no clue about and not recognizing what's in store by any stretch of the imagination. The exhibition was known as The Wind Ensemble. As we strolled into the structure there were performers all over, from the outset I thought I was stripped until I understood that the long dark dresses were Just outfits. We at last made it to our seats at the highest point of Mucosa Hall. Mrs.. Alva Okay Lance was then acquainted and entered the phase with start the show. She was engaging for myself, since she was so serious and sad with her movements. The main tune started with a coda dependent on a melodic minor key; Jack Stamp called the tune Savoring Fanfare. As the artists played out the tune it sounded Just like what I figured old style music would seem like. Diminish Graham called the following tune performed Harridans Dream. It had numerous features and mind-set changes. In any case, the sensational song caused me to feel on edge and anxious for a weird explanation. At that point, director, Cliff Taylor, led Finale from Symphony No. 1 in G minor by Vastly Kaolins had an extraordinary jubilant completion. Expressed in the gift, the Finale gives a summation of the full orchestra and is seriously nationalistic in character, beginning with an expansive resonant song, it offers difference and shading. Anthony Minimal led the fourth tune. Negligible taught the artists to play Hail the Dragon by Phillip Sparker. This melody began as vigorous exhibit by woodwinds and afterward metal instruments. I thought it was an extremely enthusiastic spot, and caused me to feel anxious. Negligible additionally led the fifth melody Fantasy Variations On A Theme by Nicolai Paganism by James Barnes. Expressed in the present, depends on the topic by Paginating s 24th Caprice in A Minor for the LOL. The first work for violin comprises of a subject, eleven varieties and a finale. The last melodies performed were Eternal Father, Strong to spare and The Mad Major, both built by Mr.. Anthony Minimal. Claude T. Smith and Kenneth J. Alfred were the writers of these exquisite pieces. The Mad Major was Alfalfas first post-World War I walk. In any case, the gift expressed that the tune Eternal Father, Strong to Save, contains not just the difficult cadenced power and symphonious strain so qualities of Smiths arrangements, yet additionally one of the most lovely ND notable horn groups of four in current band writing. In spite of the fact that there were numerous extraordinary performed melodies Thursday night, alongside superb refreshments that followed, I dont think it was my preferred show. I music Just made me restless, apprehensive, and befuddled. I felt like here and there I couldnt tell who was having what influence in every melody. At a certain point, I was unable to locate the one individual who got down to business on a performance. I really felt lost and strange at the music show. Be that as it may, I enjoyed the diverse experience of an alternate kind of music. Music Concert By amiability cindygonzal24http://www.blogger.com/profile/00742844177696111557noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5188382922320862402.post-13924585178185721532020-08-06T01:28:00.001-07:002020-08-06T01:28:04.523-07:00Splish SplashSplish Splash Listen to this awesome, late 1950s song. Now try to picture me several years back when I was in junior high. What do you think occupied several of my Saturday mornings after I found an old CD containing Bobby Darins Splish Splash? Teaching myself differential equations while starting my own company? Hehnope. I played Splish Splash, of course. over. and. over. Like I am now, except now Im not dancing to it. After I found this song (and immediately realized how positively musically delicious it is), I forgot about my Saturday morning cartoons a few times and just danced. Life cant get much better than wearing slippery socks on laminate wood floor while blasting out great music from the stereo and pretending to be becoming the master of a new kind of swing/slide-jazzy dance genre. I was clearly inspired. Really, really inspired. What can I say? Inspiration comes from people who are passionate about something. In my opinion, while being passionate is an individual quality, it hardly focuses just on the individual. Passionate people dont lock themselves up to do what they love; they share what they love with others in hopes that they become inspired. If Bob Darin hadnt been passionate about his music, I would have been far less invigorated those Saturdays ..and speaking of Saturdays and inspiration, check out the massive number of people who were at Lobby 10 this morning/afternoon for Splash 2011!! From 1st floor: View from the second floor: Splash is a day-long event in which people at MIT (undergrads, grad students, professors, etc) prepare short classes lasting about one hour. The subject of the class can range anywhere from The Physics of Singing to Build Your Own Solar Rechargeable Lamp to Salsa Dancing. Students in grades 9-12 can sign up for classes and become immersed in and inspired by something that they may have otherwise never even considered or known to exist! If youre in high school and feel like you could be learning more, or are particularly interested in something, I strongly recommend doing a program through the MIT Educational Studies Program (ESP). I was involved with a similar program back at home at the University of Chicago called Cascade. I would have never learned about topology, game theory, and several other out-of-classroom mathematical topics if it wasnt for the inspired students who decided to be passionate and pass along their knowledge! While Splash 2011 at MIT registration is over, consider signing up for another ESP program because It could be close to home! While programs like Splash originally started at MIT, they have branched out all across the country so that students everywhere can get a chance to get mindblown by the awesomeness that exists in this world. There are programs at Stanford, Northwestern, Duke, UCLA, UMBC and more! Theyre also cheap or even free! (Food, too!!) ;) Its a great way to get excited for college classes. There are classes of ALL KINDS, not just relating to math/science. A lot of programs registration deadlines are coming up! Crazy fun. Enough said. As a freshman here, I am amazed at the opportunities MIT provides its students and students in general! The collaborative and passionate spirit here never fails to make me smile, and its just one of the reasons it makes its rigor extremely worth it. Let yourself become immersed in the music of learning and research the programs that are out there. Take off your shoes and get comfortable. Happy dancing. Post Tagged #MIT ESP (Educational Studies Program) #Splash cindygonzal24http://www.blogger.com/profile/00742844177696111557noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5188382922320862402.post-34922688834055284162020-06-22T17:47:00.001-07:002020-06-22T17:47:02.652-07:00Role Women Society Paragraph Summarizing The Information Obtained - 550 Words The Role Of Women In Society And A Paragraph Summarizing The Information Obtained (Annotated Bibliography Sample) Content: Compare and contrast essay-The role of women in societyStudents NameInstitution AffiliationGiuliano, P. (2015). The role of women in society: from preindustrial to modern times.CESifo Economic Studies,61(1), 33-52.According to the author, the role of women in society has changed from preindustrial times to modern times. Women in preindustrial times focused on activities and tasks that were confined within the homes while men carried out tasks that were outside their homes. In agriculture, women mainly practiced shifting cultivation because it ensured that they remained at home while many engaged in plough farming that was considered to be more tedious. However, the differences in gender roles in these two agricultural regimes have remained persistent in some societies where polygamy is still practiced and the rights or freedoms of women are not entirely guaranteed.Zylfiu, G.B. (2016). Albanian intellectuals opinion on the role of education in improving the position of women in society. Academic Journal of Business, Administration, Law and Social Science. Vol. 2 No. 3The role of women in society has been enhanced in the present day. Women are now able to do jobs that were predominantly meant for men. However, the place of a woman in society remains below that of men. Women remain subdued in society and are still treated as second class citizens in Albania. This is due to other ills in the society such as forced marriages, lack of education opportunities for all and retrogressive laws. It is the responsibility of women themselves and the society in general to rise up and fight for their rights especially by promoting education. The author posits that education is the only tool that women can use to show that they are just as good as men.The Financial Express (2016). Role of Women in society. Retrieved https://search-proquest-com.contentproxy.phoenix.edu/docview/1820465346?pq-origsite=summonaccountid=35812The place of a woman in society has change d over time which has also transformed their roles and overall impact in society. According to Sarkar (2016), the modern woman has taken up more roles and is no longer confined to the kitchen as before. For instance, majority of the senior leadership positions in the government of Bangladesh are currently held by women. Women have also excelled in sports, that was initially a preserve of men. It is expected that the position of the woman in society will continue to be strengthened so that they positively contribute to the development of the society.Analysis and use of the information in the essayThe information from the three articles shares similar aspects and also offers some divergent views on... cindygonzal24http://www.blogger.com/profile/00742844177696111557noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5188382922320862402.post-71509481436156905962020-05-23T07:56:00.001-07:002020-05-23T07:56:06.408-07:00The Theory of the Ideas and Platoââ¬â¢s Ontology - 2075 Words I. THE THEORY OF THE IDEAS AND PLATOââ¬â¢S ONTOLOGY I. 1. The ontological dualism The theory of the Ideas is the base of Platoââ¬â¢s philosophy: the Ideas are not only the real objects ontologically speaking, but they are the authentically objects of knowledge epistemologically speaking. From the point of view of ethics and politics, they are the foundation of the right behaviour, and anthropologically speaking they are the base of Platoââ¬â¢s dualism and they even allow him demonstrate the immortality of the soul. Plato defends a clear ontological dualism in which there are two types of realities or worlds: the sensible world and the intelligible world or, as he calls it, the world of the Ideas. The Sensible World is theâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦The objects to which names (such as Socrates or Napoleon) refer are individuals; but we have certain problems about the objects to which other terms (nouns, abstract adjectives and abstract nouns) refer. We call them UNIVERSAL terms because they do refer to a plurality o f objects. For that reason Plato deduces there must be universal beings matching up those universal concepts of which there are plenty of individuals or examples; ââ¬Å"The Greenâ⬠would match the concept of green, ââ¬Å"The Kindnessâ⬠would match the concept of kindness, ââ¬Å"The Beautyâ⬠would match the concept of beautiful, ââ¬Å"The Truthâ⬠would match the concept of truth. Those beings which match universal concepts are called Ideas or Forms. c) The possibility of scientific knowledge: science strictly talking cannot deal with things which are continuously changing; the sensible world is continuously changing, so science cannot study it; it has to study an immutable world. The second premise shows a clear affinity with Parmenides of Elea and Heraclitus of Ephesus: what is given to our senses is a world ruled by continuous change, by mutation. As far as the first premise, we have to think about something permanent in those objects we want to have knowledge about if we want this knowledge to be true. Is there any knowledge that is always true and not just sometimes true? If there is, then we have to think there are thingsShow MoreRelatedIntroducing Plato s Theaetetus : A Dialogue About The Nature And / Or Limits Of Human Knowledge969 Words à |à 4 PagesIntroducing Platoââ¬â¢s Theaetetus Platoââ¬â¢s Theaetetus is a dialogue centrally about the nature and/or limits of human knowledge (episteme). Episteme can be translated in many ways, such as knowledge-how, knowledge by acquaintance, knowledge that something is the case, etc. Plato is primarily interested in establishing that something exists, e.g. justice, and then understanding what that something is and why it is what it is. All of these claimants can be utilized for this purpose. 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This paper is primarily concerned with Baxterââ¬â¢s theory and finds that, whilst not without merit, it ultimately fails toRead MoreThe Strengths and Weaknesses of Dualism4580 Words à |à 19 Pages this does not mean that dualistic theory is foolproof: for example, can our experience be enough to prove such a concept? Indeed, many philosophers are not in favour of dualistic ontology. In the course of addressing this question, the origins of the mind and body problem will be discussed, which will the n permit a fully focussed evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of Cartesian Interactionist Dualism. Whilst looking at the support for Descartes theory I will explore arguments from MadellRead MoreConflicts Between Science and Religion1662 Words à |à 7 Pagesconcurrently developed this theory in the early to mid-19th century. Even though Darwin could not explain all the scientific details of the process, but to beat Wallace to publication, release On the Origin of Species in 1858. This literally polarized the world within a few months after its release, many seeking to utilize the basic premise in a number of academic disciplines (The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online). The terms scientific creationism or intelligent design theory are relatively recentRead MoreThe Views On The Senses, But At The Same Time1368 Words à |à 6 Pagesunderstanding the world of ideas is the theory that in terms of understanding the world around us is favorable, especially when it comes to learning. He sees it as considerably unfavorable to only rely on received knowledge and empiricism alone. Due to the fact received knowledge in contrast to the knowledge of ideas is considerably more subjective and is able to be biased, depending on the source. In terms of Rene Descartes philosophical views, he covers both ontology and epistemology, by remarkingRead MoreReflection Of Socrates And Plato889 Words à |à 4 Pagessensory beliefs he took more of a rational approach. Plato discussed every philosophical idea that included reincarnation, political, and virtue. Plato was responsible for introducing dualism to the world. He spoke of the soul and the mind bound together but never explained what specifically bound them. He believed that they were one but separate thus the thought of dualism. ââ¬Å"Philosophers have used the termà ontologyà in diverse ways. For our purposes, we can define it as the study of the nature and relationsRead More Plato on Education as the Development of Reason Essay3512 Words à |à 15 Pageslife, this is no more than moral luck. One is still guilty on the level of the logos, and liable to blame and punishment not for what one does, but for what one could have done. The unexamined life, says Platos Socrates, is not worth living for men (Apology 38a5). Two central ideas of Western philosophy came together in this saying, and also a third, Socrates own great innovation. The novelty was not his turning towards man; in this he was but a child of the sophistic revolution. Nor wasRead More Heideggers Reading of Descartes Dualism Essay4357 Words à |à 18 Pagesbecause I have the idea of the worldly thing in my cogito, and therefore cogito with its contents is beyond doubt. According to Descartes, res cogitans also means cogitat se cogitare. (3) The ego as subject has its predicates in a cognizing way; so I know about the predicates I have, i.e., I know myself. Heidegger thinks that Descartes understanding of subjectivity is connected with the hupokaimenon in which the subject is present or the extant. In ancient ontologies, being is understood cindygonzal24http://www.blogger.com/profile/00742844177696111557noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5188382922320862402.post-41513651260035576832020-05-18T13:34:00.001-07:002020-05-18T13:34:19.591-07:00Identity and Ideology Beyond Death in Emily Dickinsons... Emily Dickinson had a fascination with death and mortality throughout her life as a writer. She wrote many poems that discussed what it means not only to die, but to be dead. According to personal letters, Dickinson seems to have remained agnostic about the existence of life after death. In a letter written to Mrs. J. G. Holland, Emily implied that the presence of death alone is what makes people feel the need for heaven: ââ¬Å"If roses had not faded, and frosts had never come, and one had not fallen here and there whom I could not waken, there were no need of other Heaven than the one below.â⬠(Bianchi 83). Even though she was not particularly religious, she was still drawn to the mystery of the afterlife. Her poetry is often contemplative ofâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Beauty is even capitalized in the sentence to stress its importance. By punctuation, one cannot as easily rush through this line without feeling the weight of it. Therefore, I believe it is because Dickinson had found the words to fully express what she meant that she used dashes to intensify their impression on the reader. The narrator of this poem seems to be Dickinson herself. Dickinsons poetry about death is often imaginative of what it would be like to die, (as in ââ¬Å"I heard a fly buzzâ⬠). It seems unnecessary for her to create a fictional narrator for her poems that are not about the narrator so much as they are about the situations of the narrator. Also, there is no evidence to indicate the ââ¬Å"Iâ⬠referring to a person other than Dickinson herself. In ââ¬Å"I died for Beauty,â⬠Dickinson begins by imagining her own death. The opening line does not tell us how the author has died, but attempts to explain why. That she died for beauty could mean one of a number of things. The ââ¬Å"forâ⬠could mean ââ¬Å"in order to obtain,â⬠as in the sentence ââ¬Å"I paid for lunch.â⬠The problem with this definition is that the rest of the poem does not indicate the expectation of the narrator to have gained something by dying. Another possible meaning of ââ¬Å"forâ⠬ could be ââ¬Å"in place of,â⬠as a bodyguard is willing to ââ¬Å"take a bullet forâ⬠a person being protected. However, cindygonzal24http://www.blogger.com/profile/00742844177696111557noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5188382922320862402.post-21165332274028356102020-05-11T23:04:00.001-07:002020-05-11T23:04:03.137-07:00The Selfish Linda Loman in Arthur Millers Death of a... The Selfish Linda Loman in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman Linda, a character from Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman is a selfish housewife. She pretends to care about her husband, but in reality, prefers that he kill himself so that she can live an easier life. Linda is given nothing but motive for wanting her husband, Willy, to die because of the ways he mistreats her. For example, during a family conversation in Act I, Linda, trying to put in a few words, says, Maybe things are beginning to change-, with Willy coming in right after her, (wildly enthused, to Linda)Stop interrupting!...(1187) Linda, trying desperately to be a part of the conversation, is constantly denied her voice. Always under Willys control,â⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Their whole marriage has been a lie and Linda strives for a moment of peace. Too scared to reveal the truth, Linda holds her motives in and allows Willy to trip until he falls. Along with her motives, Linda attempts to keep any voice of reason away from Willy, showing that her selfish desire of her well-being is more important than his. In a discussion with her boys in Act I, Linda says, Im- Im ashamed to. How can I mention it to him? Every day I go down and take away that little rubber pipe. But, when he comes home, I put it back where it was. How can I insult him like that?(1184) Linda claims that acknowledging the truth about Willys possible attempt to kill himself is an insult. But, in order to develop a solution to any preoblem, one must start with the truth. Linda merely wants to accommodate Willys mental problems rather than get rid of them, causing him to stay in his troubled state of mind. In another conversation in Act II, Linda tries to push Biff away from speaking with his father: Linda: Youre not going near him. Get out of this house! Biff: (with absolute assurance, determination) No. Were going to have an abrupt conversation, him and me. Linda: Youre not talking to him.(1221) Linda does not want Biff talking to Willy in fear that her indisposed attemp to keep Willy in his troubled state of mind will be unraveled. But in reality, Willy needs to hear the truth rather than the promotion of a dead-end dream. Linda,Show MoreRelated Willy Loman Died a Coward in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman880 Words à |à 4 PagesWilly Loman Died a Coward in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman à à In his early sixties he knows his business as well as he ever did. But the unsubstantial things have become decisive; the spring has gone from his step, the smile from his face and the heartiness from his personality. He is through. The phantom of his life has caught up with him. As literally as Mr. Miller can say it, dust turns to dust. Suddenly, there is nothing (Internet 1). The New York Times has expressed the tragedyRead MoreThe Role Of Dreams In Death Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller1472 Words à |à 6 Pagessometimes there are people with selfish dreams, who change not by bettering themselves, but by doing anything and everything to make their dream come true. In Arthur Millerââ¬â¢s play, Death of a Salesman, Willy Loman is a salesman who wants to attain the American dream and struggles as a parent and in his career, which reflects an American tragedy. In the article about Arthur Miller, ââ¬Å"Salem Witch Trials,â⬠Miller was described to be a little like his character from Death of a Salesman, Willy, because they bothRead MoreEssay about Marxism and the Fall of Willy Loman in Death of a Salesman2986 Words à |à 12 PagesUnited States endured internal battles in political ideologies between capitalists and Marxists, which is the focus of Arthur Millerââ¬â¢s play Death of a Salesman. According to Helge Normann Nilsen, author of ââ¬Å"From Honors At Dawn to Death of a Salesman: Marxism and the Early Plays of Arthur Miller,â⬠the Great Depression had a profound impact in forming the political identity of Arthur Miller: ââ¬Å"The Great Depression created in him a lasting and traumatic impression of the devastating power of economicRead MoreWho Suffers Most from Willys Delusions?842 Words à |à 4 PagesThe main character in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman is Willy Loman. He is an old salesman who lives in world build up of illusions and memories. His life is based on dreams which never come true. Willy is trying to accomplish the American Dream, but in his dream accomplishment successes of his sons, Biff and Happy, do not exist. Lomans receipt for wealth is personal attractiveness and well likeness, unfortunately he never achieve these receipts. During his life he followsRead More Death of a Salesman, by Arthur Miller Essay1241 Words à |à 5 Pages Death of A Salesman, written by Arthur Miller, is a play based on the turmoil within an average American family. Miller wrote Death of A Salesman easily showcasing the elements of drama. I was easily able to follow the plot, identify with his characters, and picture the setting. The main theme of the plot seemed to be Willy reaching for the American Dream. Financial success, business success, outwardly perfect family, revered by your peers, and in general respected by all. EarlyRead MoreAnalysis Of Death Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller1235 Words à |à 5 Pagesself-realization or misconception of reality. Death of a Salesman, a tragic play by Arthur Miller, explores the effects of such deception through the character Willy Loman and the consequences of his decisions. It does so by addressing the mental and financial struggles associated with achieving the American Dream whilst showing readers the significance of acceptance and how lies and deception can lead to unhealthy relationships and a disgruntled view of ones self. Willy Loman is an aging businessman with a veryRead MoreArthur Miller s Death Of A Salesman And The Crucible2615 Words à |à 11 Pagestimes. Arthur Millerââ¬â¢s writing style focuses on how his characters deal with external and internal problems and how their reactions to these problems reflect their characterization. Arthur Miller uses external conflict, internal conflict, and indirect characterization, in Death of a Salesman and The Crucible, to show how ideas of society do not always agree with the ideas and beliefs of others which can lead to a fatal action. There are three major external struggles brought forth in Millerââ¬â¢s novelRead MoreDeath of a Salesman by Arthur Miller637 Words à |à 3 PagesThe tragic fall of an individual is brought about by a tragic flaw. In Arthur Millerââ¬â¢s Death of a Salesman, Willy Loman is seen as a densely flawed human being. Ironically, the flaws that Willy lives off of are what ultimately leads to his demise. The major faults that contribute to his downfall are his compulsive lying, his selfishness, and his unrealistic expectations and perceptions. To begin, Willy could be described as having a case of misguided life goals paired with self-deception. Willy wasRead MoreStubbornnes in Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller1463 Words à |à 6 Pagesadapt to what happens around them. Being stubborn can also lead you to get into some big trouble if you do not compromise sometimes. In all honesty, I am a stubborn person and hate to compromise, but I will if I have to. In Arthur Millerââ¬â¢s play, Death of a Salesman, Willy Loman is unbelievably stubborn and definitely delusional. Constantly, Willy is hallucinating about things that have already happened, or things that never even could have happened. Although, Biff, Willyââ¬â¢s son, changes by the endRead MoreExpositions Of Exposition In Trifles By Susan Glaspell1749 Words à |à 7 Pagesmust have occurred at that house. Mr. Hale then starts to tell the characters what exactly he saw the day before when he visited the Wrights. He states that he found Mrs. Wright in her rocking chair acting strange and found her husband strangled to death in his bed. Mr. Haleââ¬â¢s description about what he saw automatically lets the audience know that a crime scene occurred. His observation of Mrs. Wrightââ¬â¢s strange behavior also suggests that she is a potential suspect of committing the murder. 12. Conflict: cindygonzal24http://www.blogger.com/profile/00742844177696111557noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5188382922320862402.post-27987387590343013382020-05-06T20:46:00.001-07:002020-05-06T20:46:17.772-07:00Essay about The Plot of Frankenstein - 2089 Words Plot of the novel Victor hides from the creature in a remote part of the world which is below 0à °C and was found by a group of crusaders seeking to destroy the monster. Part 1 ââ¬â Lesson 1 Life and times of Mary Shelley Mary Shelley was born on 30th August 1797, Somers Town, in London. Her parents were called William Godwin and Mary Wollstonecraft. She had a depressing childhood because her mother died when she was 10 days old and was raised by her father and much resented step-mother. When Mary is sixteen, she meets a young poet called Percy Bysshe Shelley (future husband). For several times, they ran away to Continental Europe along with her step-sister. Shelley was already married when they ran away. Later on, inâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Plot of the novel Victor hides from the creature in a remote part of the world which is below 0à °C and was found by a group of crusaders seeking to destroy the monster. Victor then tells of his story to them to prove that he is dangerous and should not be approached and how he spent his life devoting himself to create the creature. ââ¬ËFrankensteinââ¬â¢ is about a philosopher called Victor Frankenstein who studied Medical Science in Ingolstadt. He wanted to create a human being from dead body parts and organs. His aim was mainly to create someone that could help cure diseases that were roaming around at that time and to be a tester in testing the antidotes to see if they will cure the disease. However, Victorââ¬â¢s dream shatters when he creates the creature because it turned out to be what he hadnââ¬â¢t expectedâ⬠¦an ugly, vile, and unique creature. Later on, Victor abandons the creature thinking it was dead. The creature is left with a journal about his master and how he attempted to create him. The creature then tries to seek his master but murders people because they are all afraid of him. He is forced to hide just in case the people try to destroy him. In the middle of the story the creature learns how to interact with humans thus he is a human himself. He learns about feelings towards others and why they sorrow. He also learns how to care for people. He meets a small family in aShow MoreRelatedWhen Summarizing The Plot Of Mary Shelleyââ¬â¢S Frankenstein,1695 Words à |à 7 Pagessummarizing the plot of Mary Shelleyââ¬â¢s Frankenstein, most who have read it would describe it as the story of a scientist who brings the dead back to life, but must then face the wrath of his angry and evil creation. Those who say this are by no measure wrong in any way. This is, in fact, what the novel is most commonly interpreted as and what Shelley most likely had in mind when she wrote the story, but it cannot be denied that there could be another side to the story. When Frankenstein is analysed inRead MoreThe Theme Of Sublime Nature In Frankenstein By Mary Shelley863 Words à |à 4 PagesIn the novella Frankenstein, Mary Shelley uses geography to further the plot, reveal the true intentions of characters and convey the novellaââ¬â¢s theme of sublime nature. The theme of sublime nature is the idea t hat nature is comprised of a mixture of terror and beauty. One example of sublime nature supported by geography is the monster, which is truly a terror in appearance and spirit being born in Ingolstadt. Shelly contrasts this ââ¬Å"terrorâ⬠of Ingolstadt to the beauty of Geneva, Frankensteinââ¬â¢s birthplaceRead MoreThe Female Sex Is A Crucial Part Of Creation And Development Of Offspring1501 Words à |à 7 Pagessex is a crucial part of creation and development of offspring. In Frankenstein, Mary Shelley explores the significance of women to the protagonist, Victor Frankenstein , as he surpasses the womanââ¬â¢s role in the production of life. Besides the major themes of abandonment and loss in the novel Frankenstein, there is an ironic focus on the female role throughout the plot. The disregard of womenââ¬â¢s roles in society and by Frankenstein show the importance that these women actually played on his life. FrequentlyRead MoreFrankenstein vs Dr.Jekyll and Mr.Hyde 1435 Words à |à 6 PagesSamantha Fajardo Frankenstein Comparative Essay Frankenstein, written by Mary Shelley, is a novel about a creature that is produced by Victor Frankenstein, as a result of his desire to discover the secret of life. Dr. Frankenstein founded this secret by animating dead flesh and stitching human corpses together to create a superhuman. As a reader, one realizes the consequences of Victorââ¬â¢s discoveries through series of unfortunate events that occur in the novel. The story begins with four lettersRead MoreHannah Hjerth . Schroder. English Iv Honors. 8 December828 Words à |à 4 PagesHannah Hjerth Schroder English IV Honors 8 December 2016 Womenââ¬â¢s Themes in Frankenstein Mary Shelley, the author of Frankenstein, had been raised by strong womenââ¬â¢s rights advocates, which makes her characterization of the women in her story a wildly controversial discussion topic even all these years later. Mary Shelleyââ¬â¢s philosopher father paid for her high education, and her mother wrote several works about equality for women. She lived a substantially progressive lifestyle, considering the timeRead MoreDr. Mary Shelly s Frankentein And The 1994 Adaptation Of The Novel 1176 Words à |à 5 PagesShelly vs Baranagh Mary Shellyââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"Frankenteinâ⬠and the 1994 adaptation of the novel have many similarities and also many differences. Differences focus mainly on death and the similarities focus on the plot structure. The similarities override the differences because the overall plot structure stayed the same. The changes of how people died is one major difference that Branagh had taken away from the original novel. In the book, Victors mother dies from scarlet fever that she has gottenRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The Bride Of Frankenstein 1514 Words à |à 7 Pagesand contrasting them to concluded which out of the two is a better horror movie. The first movie that I watched for this discussion is the Bride of Frankenstein, this movie was made in 1935 and directed by James Whale. The Bride of Frankenstein is a sequel to The movie Frankenstein which follows the after math of the suspected death of Frankensteins monster. The second movie that I watched was The Conjuring 2 released in June,2016 and directed by James Wan. The Conjuring 2 follows two paranormalRead MoreEssay on Frankenstein by Mary Shelley838 Words à |à 4 PagesIn the novel Frankenstein, by Mary Shelley, Victor Frankenstein is the creator of a monster. Because of his thirst for knowledge and ambition to create life, he goes too far and creates a huge creature, which he immediately rejects. This rejection plays a major part in the monsters hatred for humans, especially Victor. The author, Mary Shelley, supports the theme, loss of innocence, through plot, setting and characterization. This essay will explain the many ways that the characters lost theirRead MoreFrankenstein Novel Analysis Essay1664 Words à |à 7 PagesMyrjun Angeles Ms. Ammendolia EWC4UI 10/13/17 Frankenstein Novel Analysis Frankenstein is partly an epistolary novel. In what way do the letters at the beginning of the text help frame the story that follows? The series of letters at the beginning of Frankenstein by Mary Shelley are from Robert Walton, and were sent to his sister, Margaret Saville. In each letter, Walton tells his sister of updates while heââ¬â¢s on one of many sea trips and to coincide with that, readers of the novel get a glimpseRead MoreFrankenstein as a Gothic Novel Essay1332 Words à |à 6 Pagesatmosphere, symbolism, and themes: these are elements of a Gothic novel. Though Mary Shelleys Frankenstein, written in the early 19th century, certainly contains many components of a Gothic novel, can it be correctly grouped under that genre? A definition of a Gothic novel; according to Tracy, is a description of a fallen world. We experience this fallen world though the aspects of a novel: plot, setting, characterization, and theme (De Vore, Domenic, Kwan and Reidy). As well, early Gothic cindygonzal24http://www.blogger.com/profile/00742844177696111557noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5188382922320862402.post-47905319865087804392020-05-06T11:38:00.001-07:002020-05-06T11:38:30.079-07:00Absurdism Free Essays 1 This thesis has been approved by The Honors Tutorial College and the School of Theater Dr. William F. Condee Director of Studies, Theater Tutorial Program Thesis Advisor Dr. We will write a custom essay sample on Absurdism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Angela Ahlgren Visiting Assistant Professor Thesis Advisor Jeremy Webster Dean, Honors Tutorial College 2 HAPPY DAYS: A MODERN WOMANââ¬â¢S APPROACH TO ABSURDISM THROUGH FEMINIST THEATER THEORY A Thesis Presented to The Honors Tutorial College Ohio University In Partial Fulfilment Of the Requirements for Graduation From The Honors Tutorial College With the degree of Bachelor of Fine Arts in Theater By: Rachel Collins 3 Table Of Contents Introduction â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.. â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦4 On Absurdismâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ 6 On Beckettâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ 10 Happy Days Production Historyâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦. 16 Feminist Theaterâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã ¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦. â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦18 Beckett and Gender (Happy Days)â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦. 23 Happy Days in Performance: A Feminist Perspective (Process)â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦. 34 Happy Days in Performance: Reflectionâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ 40 Conclusionâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦48 Annotated Bibliographyâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦. 52 Creative Supplementary Materialsâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦59 Happy Days Rehearsal Notesâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦. â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.. 59 Happy Days Rehearsal Scriptâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦. â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦74 Happy Days Program and Event Flierâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ 92 Happy Days Production Photosâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.. 94 4 Introduction This thesis examines the character of Winnie in Samuel Beckettââ¬â¢s Happy Days through performance and the lens of feminist theory and critique. In the wake of the Second World War, a number of artists in Europe attempted to find meaning in what some considered a meaningless world. The war had ravaged Europe, and it was difficult to find hope across the continent. Many artists during this time were concerned with existentialist ideas. These new social constructs led dramatists to experiment with new forms, which dealt with these existentialist philosophies through a dramatic medium. These forms experimented with language, de-railed linear plotlines, and placed characters in bizarre situations. Martin Esslin, the producerjournalist turned scholar, coined the phrase ââ¬Å"the Theatre of the Absurdâ⬠in his book of the same title. One of the major writers of this new form of drama was Samuel Beckett. Since Beckettââ¬â¢s plays began to be performed in the 1950ââ¬â¢s, theater critics have typically viewed performances of Beckettââ¬â¢s works through the lens of existentialism, and his style prompted many to consider him an absurdist. Absurdist theories were able to frame the dramatic works for that time, but as the social constructs of Western culture, especially those concerning women, have changed, so has dramatic criticism of women. As half a century has passed since the initial writing of Beckettââ¬â¢s plays, it is important to consider them, especially those with strong female characters, through a modern feminist critique. Beckettââ¬â¢s writing took place during the second womenââ¬â¢s movement. The Second World War had changed peopleââ¬â¢s views on morality, and society was forced to 5 redefine its standards. Before the First World War, class structure in Europe was rigidly defined. People ââ¬Å"knew their placeâ⬠and the gap between the rich and the poor was almost un-crossable. The war created opportunities for the lower class to advance in social position, but once it was over, society attempted to return to its pre-War structure. This cycle happened again after the Second World War. During the war, oppressed peoples in Europe were allowed to do things that they hadnââ¬â¢t been able to previously, but once it was over they were expected to return to their place in society. In Europe these people, including racial and religious minorities, the working class, and women, were fed up with these constraints. Women in particular strove to gain more equality in the job market and other venues. Beckett was in the interesting position of writing in the midst of this social revolution. In many ways, he was very familiar with the old world and traditions, where womenââ¬â¢s place in society was subservient to her husband. But he was also looking forward to what the future could bring. His work in many ways anticipated the second womenââ¬â¢s movement. Beckettââ¬â¢s early dramatic works are filled with male characters. Each of these men is attempting to answer the most basic of lifeââ¬â¢s questions: Who are we and why are we here? However, it was not until 1961 with Happy Days that he gave the stage over completely to the voice of a woman. In Waiting for Godot, Endgame, and Krappââ¬â¢s Last Tape, women were not given a strong voice on the stageââ¬â¢s playing space. With Happy Days and the character of Winnie, Beckett gave women a voice in his work. Traditionally, Happy Days has been viewed through an existentialist lens, much in the same way that Beckettââ¬â¢s other works are 6 viewed. This study, however, attempts to re-frame Happy Days through a new set of scholarly examinations: the ideas of feminist theory and theatrical performance. Through scholarly research and performance of the piece, I looked at this important work from a new perspective. In the twenty-first century, an actress cannot approach the part with the same background as a woman playing the role in the early 1960ââ¬â¢s. While it is important to look at plays within the historical context and tradition in which they were originally performed, this view limits the performer. If one was to only look at a piece of work historically and not interpret it using modern approaches, theater would, I believe, eventually become stale and no longer relevant to the world other than from a historical museum. Happy Days needs a new evaluation. It is time to examine it through the eyes of a modern-day woman, because that is the person who will be performing this role today. On Absurdism Absurdism was a deviation from traditional French theater but not conscience movement in itself. At the beginning of the twentieth century the avant-garde movement was regarded in the same vein as the symbolists of the late nineteenth century: their art was attempting to achieve the same results. Symbolists were reacting against the naturalist and realist forms of art and believed that the only way to represent the truth and meaning of life was to do it indirectly, instead of through exact imitation of reality. Much of the world was trying to recover after two large-scale wars. During the late 1940ââ¬â¢s and the 1950ââ¬â¢s, the French were interested in looking at the past for inspiration for their drama. Myths, legends, and symbols were primarily 7 used as subject matter. Particular emphasis was placed on the structure of language, for ââ¬Å"the ââ¬Ëpoetic avant-gardeââ¬â¢ represent[ed] a different mood; it is more lyrical, and far less violent and grotesqueâ⬠than the theater of the absurd (Esslin 25). Productions tackled the mystery of dreams and desire through traditional dramatic conventions. Paris, which has been the cradle of a number of new artistic movements, was the birthplace for new schools of thought, and the avant-garde of Paris drama ââ¬Å" is this part of the ââ¬Ëanti-literaryââ¬â¢ movement of our time, which has found its expression in abstract painting, with its rejection of ââ¬Ëliteraryââ¬â¢ elements in pictures; or in the ââ¬Ënew novelââ¬â¢ in France, with its reliance on the description of objects and its rejection of empathy and anthropomorphismâ⬠(Esslin 26). Theater artists realized that this was an important advancement for their art form as well, and began to experiment with these forms through dramatic constructs. Esslin choose the word ââ¬Å"absurdâ⬠to describe these plays based on the wordââ¬â¢s definition, which means ââ¬Å"out of harmony with reason or propriety; incongruous, unreasonable, illogicalâ⬠(Esslin 23). The work of the absurdist playwrights, including Samuel Beckett, Eugene Ionesco, Harold Pinter, Edward Albee, Tom Stoppard, and David Mamet, carry these attributes. Most of these dramatists claimed they are not trying to be ââ¬Å"absurdist. â⬠Even Esslin, who coined the phrase, states that ââ¬Å"the writers in question [are] individuals[s] who regard themselves as lone outsiders, cut off and isolated in his private worldâ⬠(22). This phrase has, however, been accepted widely to describe plays of this type, because the authors in question ââ¬Å"can be seen as the 8 reflection of what seems to be the attitude most genuinely representative of that era in style, execution, and philosophyâ⬠(Esslin 22-23). Esslin borrowed these notions of existentialism from the ideas of Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus. Camusââ¬â¢ essay ââ¬Å"The Myth of Sisyphusâ⬠(1942) deals with existential issues, such as a lack of a God or omnipotent presence and fixed moral standards. Throughout the essay he stages an argument around suicide to examine what he considers the absurdity of life. In short, he believes that ââ¬Å"the absurd enlightens [himself] on this point: there is no futureâ⬠(Camus 58). He delves into the idea that life has no true purpose, and even when many humans discover how mundane life is, they still choose to continue living. Esslin quotes Camus: A world that can be explained by reasoning, however faulty, is a familiar world. But in a universe that is suddenly deprived of illusions and of light, man feels a stranger. His is an irremediable exile, because he is deprived of memories of a lost homeland as much as he lacks the hope of a promised land to come. This divorce between man and his life, the actor and his setting, truly constitutes the feeling of absurdity. (Camus qtd. in Esslin 18) With these ideas of manââ¬â¢s insignificant place in the world, humans, not God, determine their own existence. In the absence of the influence of a higher power, there is no longer any certainty in an afterlife, or in anything, as humans are fallible beings. This then creates a philosophy that is based more on the individual versus the collective. Sartre on the other hand explains a more hopeful interpretation of existentialism. While Camus stresses the humanââ¬â¢s inability to break the cycle of absurdity, Sartre asserts that humans are absurd because their free will always puts 9 them in complete control of their fate. In his book Existentialism and Human Emotions, Sartre asserts: Man is condemned to be free. Condemned, because he did not create himself, yet, in other respects is free; because once thrown into the world, he is responsible for everything he does. The existentialist does not believe in the power of passion. He will never agree that a sweeping passion is a ravaging torrent which fatally leads a man to certain acts and is therefore an excuse. He thinks that man is responsible for his passion (Sartre 23). A person is therefore in complete control of his or her own destiny. There is no God, so there is no set of doctrines or moral code to follow. The only thing that one has to rely upon is his or herself, and that reliance is what creates absurdity. Life has no meaning, because ââ¬Å"before you come alive, life is nothing; itââ¬â¢s up to you to give it a meaning, and value is nothing else but the meaning that you chooseâ⬠(Sartre 49). Therefore, life is meaningless unless one chooses to give it meaning. The philosophies of Camus and Sartre are critical to understanding the existential elements of the absurdist works. Another aspect of absurdism is that it attempts to create a world that accentuates the strange and bizarre. In short, it ââ¬Å"strives to express its sense of the senselessness of the human condition and the inadequacy of the rational approach by the open abandonment of rational devices and discursive thoughtâ⬠(Esslin 24). It has a chaotic structure that creates the illusion of an irrational universe. The plots are unclear, as well as the relationship between the characters. There is ambiguity in space, time, and relationships between characters. Words and phrases are repeated so that language itself becomes inadequate and incomprehensible. Reality is skewed so that the viewer does not know the difference between fact and fiction. Plays tend to be 10 cyclical in that they end in the same place they started. These never-ending cycles create an illusion of despair, and remind the audience how continually hopeless life can be. There is also a strong vaudevillian presence within absurdist drama: this creates an element of humour that therwise might be absent, and also highlights that as desperate as life can be, there are still moments of laughter within misery. The plays are funny and tragic at the same time, and they utilize traditional clowning techniques as well as orchestrated pauses to convey their messages. Therefore, ââ¬Å"the Theatre of the Absurd has renounced arguing about the absurdity of the human condition; it merely presents it in beingâ⬠(Esslin 25). Although absurdism is a widely defined genre, Beckett is considered by many scholars to be one of the pioneers of the form. When considering other playwrights and plays as absurdist, many scholars to this day compare the writers and works to Beckettââ¬â¢s canon. Therefore Beckett, although he does not consider himself to be an absurdist writer, is one of the major contributors to this style of theater. His works are numerous and his unique style is what brought absurdism to the forefront of dramatic movements of the late twentieth century. On Beckett Samuel Beckett was born in Dublin, Ireland in 1906 to Protestant middle-class parents. After he pursued his education in Ireland he was offered a teaching fellowship in Paris, which he accepted. There he met James Joyce and a variety of other artists. Joyce, impressed by Beckett, stated that ââ¬Å"he thought Beckett had promiseââ¬âa rare 11 gesture for himâ⬠(Alvarez 12). It was during the late 1940ââ¬â¢s and into the early 1950ââ¬â¢s that Beckett ââ¬Å"began his lifelong association with Parisâ⬠and his fascination with the French language and linguistics in general. It was then that Beckett began writing; he published his first novel Murphy in 1938. After spending time in Ireland with his mother, Beckett returned to Paris when World War Two began. He volunteered for the Red Cross and was involved in the war in many ways, from helping with wounded soldiers, to joining radical political groups and trying to aide Franceââ¬â¢s war effort. He was forced to flee Paris when friends in a radical political group were arrested. Once the war ended, Beckett returned to Paris. It was during this post-war period that he wrote a number of dramatic works, including his most famous play, Waiting for Godot (Bair 381). After Godot Beckett wrote Endgame (1957) and Krappââ¬â¢s Last Tape (1958). Shortly after the premier of Krapp he began writing Happy Days in October of 1960. Happy Days came at an interesting time in Beckettââ¬â¢s career: because of the success of Godot, Endgame, and Krapp, ââ¬Å"celebrated playwrights, [and] other dramatists who studied his plays wanted to share their ideas, and in most cases, to pay him homageâ⬠(Bair 527). His new fame also caused rifts in Beckettââ¬â¢s personal life. He and his partner Suzanne Deschevaux-Dumesnil were planning on getting married, but wanted to keep the ceremony under wraps. They were making their relationship official because Beckett had realized current French law would not allow Suzanne to inherit the estate or his money if he were to die. They wanted to get married in England because ââ¬Å"as an Irish citizen whose financial affairs were concentrated in 12 England, he had to be married there to insure the legality of the ceremony and Suzanneââ¬â¢s right to inherit his estateâ⬠(Bair 530). However, since Beckett and Suzanne had been living in Paris, he had to reside in England for two weeks before the ceremony was legal, according to English law. During these few weeks, Beckett hid himself from the public eye in the Bristol Hotel and worked on his Happy Days manuscript. Like his early plays, Happy Days is an examination of life in an absurd situation. A woman, Winnie, is buried alive in an ant hill in a scorched landscape, while her husband Willie prattles around behind the landscape. Winnie is first buried up to her bosom and then to her neck in a large hill (presumably an abandoned ant hill, as one single emmet wanders the mound). She spends her days chatting about seemingly mundane nonsense, all with the hope that Willie might just be listening to her. While Winnie endures blistering heat, increased immobility, and a strident bell that keeps her from falling asleep, ââ¬Å"she remains to the bitterest end, implacably optimistic and talkativeâ⬠(Alvarez 108). Her unfailing hope in the future is both depressing and hopeful. It is her optimism that causes so many audience members to be moved by Winnie. In one Beckett biography, Diedre Bair asserts that as a result of Beckettââ¬â¢s increasing fame, Suzanne found it more difficult than usual to deal with her new husband. According to Bair: She resented his fame and felt that he should have made a more public acknowledgement of her important role in bringing it about. She wanted to be known as the helpmate who had made his success possible. He wanted nothing at all known about himself, least of all details which he considered of no more 13 than domestic import. He felt he had demonstrated his gratitude to her by marrying her when both considered the ceremony a mockery. (533) Bair believes the couple grew apart as the years passed: ââ¬Å"They had nothing in common anymore, but neither thought of parting. Beckett began to envision their relationship as one in ineluctable bondage, and from then on, veiled references to their situation began to appear in his writingâ⬠(Bair 534). It is conceivable that much of the Happy Days plot was derived from his personal life, because it was written during the events surrounding his secret wedding. Other biographers, including James Knowleson, assert that Beckett and Suzanne had a loving relationship. While they were having problems in their small apartment, they felt if they moved to a bigger space they would have more time to live independently of each other. Therefore, Knowlson notes ââ¬Å"the [bigger apartment] allowed them to live parts of their lives independently-without one disturbing the other, if he or she did not want to be disturbedâ⬠(423). Knowlson also mentions in this biography that Beckett had a mistress named Barbara during this part of his life, but that Beckett still felt (even though he waited almost a quarter of a century to marry her) that he was committed to Suzanne. In this account the marriage was troubled, but the couple was working through their problems. Because of their fiercely independent personalities, both wanted and desired independent space: their union worked best when there was a good combination of time together and time apart. It is this examination of Beckettââ¬â¢s married life that is pertinent to Happy Days, as Beckettââ¬â¢s view on the institution of marriage and lifelong commitment is explored throughout the text. 14 As Beckett is from Ireland and his English dialect is influenced by that country, Happy Days has Irish undertones in plot and form. While Beckett spent a majority of his life in France, his strongest ties were to his Irish roots. He was fascinated by the old ways or the old words that the Irish used, such as emmet (an ant). The way Beckett manipulates language is particularly Irish. Beckettââ¬â¢s use of the language is distinctive, utilizing traditional Irish techniques of ââ¬Å"repetitive . . . words or sentences; . . . transformations, division, contraction, shortening and lengthening of words; and the minimization of the number of different words per sentence, but also exaggeration through redundanceâ⬠(Van Slooten 48). Beckett also was very attached to music in the Irish tradition. He wrote to utilize ââ¬Å"vocal techniques and sound effects [including] the sound of vowels and consonants and the alternately winded, syncopated, and pounding rhythmsâ⬠to shape his textsâ⬠(Van Slooten 48). What is most interesting about this concept is the life and mobility that the Irish language gives to a piece like Happy Days, where the central character is trapped in a hill. The dialect itself requires a wide range of emotion and tonality in its expression, so that ââ¬Å"stage directions such as ââ¬Ësadââ¬â¢, ââ¬Ësuppliantââ¬â¢, ââ¬Ëvery excitedââ¬â¢, ââ¬Ëirritatedââ¬â¢, ââ¬Ëlaughingââ¬â¢, ââ¬Ëexplosiveââ¬â¢, ââ¬Ëmelancholyââ¬â¢, and the individual diction for different characters indicate how much importance [Beckett] attached to these matters and show how his words should be voicedâ⬠(Van Slooten 58). Because of the nature of the language in Happy Days, it is important to evaluate it through the Irish musicality to find the momentum of a play that contains little to no stage movement otherwise. 15 This ââ¬Å"Irishnessâ⬠can be seen in a London performance of Happy Days at the Old Vic Theater in 1975 (later transferred to the Lyttleton Theater in 1976). In this production, Dame Peggy Ashcroft played Winnie, Harry Lomax played Willie, and Peter Hall directed. Despite Ashcroftââ¬â¢s positive reputation, this particular production received a number of mixed reviews. One reviewer, Rosemary Pountney, believed that Ashcroftââ¬â¢s biggest weakness was her lack of vocal range. She believed that while Ashcroft had a great vocal capacity, Pountney loathed the Irish accent that Ashcroft attempted: Her greatest strength as an actress, the marvellous flexibility of her voice, was flattened and deadened in an attempt to convey an Irish accentââ¬ânot a strong Irish accent, but, much more difficult for a non-Irish woman, the suggestion of one. A ââ¬Ënon-accentââ¬â¢ accent resulted, with Dame Peggyââ¬â¢s superb voice not merely out of tune but restricted in its range, as though straitjacketed. Thus Winnieââ¬â¢s fluctuations of moodâ⬠¦ were dulled and Act 1 seemed to lack impact (Pountney). Although Ashcroft did not do the dialect justice, Pountney addresses that Beckett had written a musical quality to his dialogue, which in many cases is what ââ¬Å"scoresâ⬠the actress through the piece. The repetitions in the script work as guidelines and create the score of the production. Pountney was impressed by understanding of the Irish nature of the piece, but not so much their enactment of it. It is important to note that Happy Days was originally written in English, whereas most of Beckettââ¬â¢s works were previously written in French. Beckett stated that his reasons for writing in French were because it gave him a strict structure around the language. Because French was not his native language he was forced to be selective when he chose words, he chose words selectively, and did not inadvertently 16 embellish the language (Van Slooten 48). Although he translated all of his plays himself from French to English, there is still an element of sparseness to the language. Since Happy Days was originally in English, the style of the writing is different. Although there are pauses in the dialogue, the sentence structure flows differently than the sparse language of Godot or Endgame. Therefore, Beckettââ¬â¢s use of the English language in my production is paramount to understanding it through performance. Happy Days Production History Happy Days was performed for the first time on September 17, 1961 in New York at the Cherry Lane Theater. The production starred Ruth White as Winnie and John C. Becher as Willie; Alan Schneider directed the production. Schneider and Beckett had a long career as collaborators. Schneider directed a number of Beckettââ¬â¢s plays, including the American premier of Waiting for Godot, and Film? among many others. Because of prior commitments Beckett was unable to come to New York to supervise direction of this production. The two men therefore corresponded in letters to relay information, and according to Bair ââ¬Å"Beckettââ¬â¢s letters could easily become a textbook for Happy Days should [anyone] ever decide to publish themâ⬠(536). As with any Beckett performance, the directions given to the actors were thoroughly specific, as Bair describes: They are long and painstaking, filled with minute directions for action and how it should correspond to speech; detailed descriptions of lighting, even to the physical properties, brand name and positing of each individual bulb; and a series of drawings in pen and ink done by Beckett to show exactly how he wanted Winnie and her mound to appear, and what the position of Willie should be at all times in relation to her. (536) 17 At many times throughout the process, Schneider was worried that he was not doing Beckett or his script justice, since the directions were so specific. He remained worried until the show opened to an eager audience. The reviews of the play were mixed, as they had been for many Beckett plays before, but the reviewers who liked the production were not shy in their praises. In The New York Times, Howard Taubman praised the performance, especially Whiteââ¬â¢s, stating that she: conveys a profound sense of the dark, empty spaces of Winnieââ¬â¢s life. She uses her voice to achieve a remarkable range of nuance. Her eyes, her lips, the very lines in her face suggest mood and feeling. She fusses bravely with the black shopping bag that seems to contain all her worldly possessions. Her attempt to be invincible turns into a pitiable failure. At the end, with the silly, feathered little hat atop the head projecting out of the mound, she seems like a puny, weary Earth Mother of a mean, despairing world. (Taubman) The performance was praised for its ability to not only inspire viewers to look at lifeââ¬â¢s deep existential and sometimes disheartening questions, but also to reveal compassion, which is rare in Beckettââ¬â¢s works (Taubman). Ruth Whiteââ¬â¢s performance was so revered that she received a 1962 Obie Award for Distinguished Performance. While the first few performances were received well, they were still looked at from a primarily masculine perspective. The majority of theater reviewers were male, and so the comments on the productions came from a male perspective. At this time however, a different group of artists was exploring theater from a feminist perspective. They experimented with dramatic forms to ighlight the female experience, which they believed to be lacking in society. It was during the late 1950ââ¬â¢s and early 1960ââ¬â¢s that feminist theater began to be produced. 18 Feminist Theater For many centuries the theatrical arts were dominated by men. Notable feminist scholar Sue-Ellen Case states that when the second-wave feminist movement began in the early 1960ââ¬â¢s, ââ¬Å"the singular term ââ¬Ëfeminismââ¬â¢ was often employed to describe a variety of political and critical re alms. This term was interchangeable with the term ââ¬Ëthe womenââ¬â¢s movementââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬ (62). The feminist movement was divided into a number of philosophies. In the theatrical world, there are two major approaches that scholars have identified as self-conscious approaches to feminist work: that of the radical or cultural feminists and that of the materialist feminists, otherwise known as socialist or Marxist feminists. Both of these groups influenced how the experiences of women were presented on stage. The most common form of feminism in the United States and democratic European countries was what Case identifies as radical feminism. This particular form of feminism ââ¬Å"is based on the belief that the patriarchy is the primary cause of the oppression of womenâ⬠¦ the patriarchy represents all systems of male dominance and is regarded as the root of most social problemsâ⬠(Case 64). Radical feminist performers and theater practitioners have concerns with the style of realism, because of ââ¬Å"the nature of realism as a conservative force that reproduces and reinforces dominant cultural relationsâ⬠in which man is superior to woman (Dolan 84). They believe that most male playwrights write about the male experience from a male perspective, even if writing female characters, and that the male experience is directly linked to patriarchal society. According to Jill Dolan: 19 By rejecting both realism and the genderized posturings of the of the maledominated experimental theater groups, the new feminist theater meant to create woman identified productions. This work, created by women for women, focused on womanââ¬â¢s experience with one another and their connections to each other through gender and sex. Identifying with each other as women was meant as an antidote to their oppression under patriarchy (85). Radical feminists believe that realism is inherently patriarchal, so they want to create a new form of realism for the female spectator so she ââ¬Å"can find a coherent identity in the mirror image they hold upâ⬠(Dolan 99). It was the continual oppression of the feminine gender that most radical feminists wanted to examine. One of the most significant oppressions that women felt was that of sexual oppression from a maleoriented society. For centuries, ââ¬Å"male culture made womenââ¬â¢s bodies into objects of male desire, converting them into sites of beauty and sexuality for men to gaze uponâ⬠(Case 66). Many women as a result were afraid to discuss intimate details about their biology or their sex lives and desires. Radical feminists wanted to challenge social norms and allow for womenââ¬â¢s issues to rise to the surface, to reclaim womenââ¬â¢s place in history. They wanted to portray womenââ¬â¢s collective struggles against the ââ¬Å"patriarchal backdrop on which women have been victimized,â⬠to highlight the centuries of male dominance in the theater (Dolan 88). In radical feminist theater, Brechtian and Artaudian techniques were often utilized. The Verfremdungseffekt, otherwise known as the distancing effect, is a technique Bertolt Brecht used in his epic theater to ensure that the audience would not become emotionally attached to the characters and could serve as an external political observer. In contrast, Antonin Artaud believed that the theater should contain an aspect of cruelty. He did not intend cruelty to mean causing physical pain for an actor 20 r audience, but cruelty in the way of making violent or disturbing actions on stage so the audience member is forced to deal with uncomfortable topics. Brechtian techniques are used in feminist theater to alienate the audience and Artaudian to make them feel uncomfortable as they are faced with the breaking of cultural norms. Radical feminist performances, however, differ from those traditions in that radical feminist performances generally consist of a ritualistic element, which created t he illusion of timelessness. This differs from Brechtââ¬â¢s usual usage of historical events to urround his plotlines. These performances also highlighted the biology of women and the power they held as a result, whereas Brecht largely concentrated on the politics and Artaud on the cruel intentions. While this was the intention, often ââ¬Å"the body is curiously lost in [performance], perhaps because truly considering the body in space means dealing with the representational apparatus, which the feminine aesthetic is inadequate to handleâ⬠(Dolan 97). This struggle between rejecting and embracing realism is used as a means to advance feminist ideologies through performance. Dolan and Case discuss one other type of feminist performance: that of the materialist feminist. The major idea materialist feminism expounds is that all oppression comes from societal construction, and that capitalism is the major determinant in this construction. This can be seen through a historical labor production as Dolan explains: Production is the central human action played out in the market place and, for women, in the domestic sphere. The organisation of the forces of production and the role of wages create the situation of the worker. In the market place, the woman worker has generally been paid lower wages than the man and retained in a subordinate position without upward mobility. In the domestic sphere, unpaid housework and unpaid 21 reproductive and child-rearing labour have been instrumental in shaping the condition of women. The nuclear family is perceived as a unit of private property, in which the wife-mother is exploited by the male as well as by the larger organisation of capitalism (Dolan 83). Therefore, the materialist feminists believe that there should not be a distinction between genders, but that all genders should be treated with equal weight. Instead of viewing women as a gender, they are treated as a class, much like middle class, upper class, or working class. In short, the woman lives in a system that provides free labor to her husband or her employer. She provides free labor for her husband ââ¬Å"by producing future workers as babies and by preparing the labourer for each dayââ¬â¢s workâ⬠(Case 84). As a result, this form of feminism has been most prominent in European countries, as the class structure is more defined in those countries than in North America. The only way that a woman can liberate herself from this structure, according to this form of feminism, is to enter the workforce. According to Simone de Beauvoir1 in her revolutionary text The Second Sex (1949), when a woman receives employment she is liberated from her husband and can be her own member of the social structure. She then ââ¬Å"ceases to be a parasite [and] the system based on her dependence crumbles; between her and the universe there is no longer any need for a masculine mediatorâ⬠(Beauvoir 679). In patriarchal society, men have the liberty of having their occupation not determined by their gender. Women who try to deviate from this norm are subject to oppression, as ââ¬Å"the woman who does not conform devaluates herself sexually and hence socially, since sexual values are an integral feature of [a patriarchal] societyâ⬠(Beauvoir 682). Materialist feminists believe that by changing the economic structure, 22 the social structure will soon follow. If women are given equal opportunities in the workplace and are treated as men, they will not be sexualized and demoralized as before. Therefore, in performance, materialist feminists do not see it necessary to portray women as accurately as they would in life, because that is not the aim. The aim is to see women as a class, not as a performer of gender. Materialist feminists believed that the theater could be used to advance their gender in society, but they felt that the radical feminists were slightly misguided. They felt that if women were still working under the constraints of a male society, they were weakening women until she could only exist as a representation on stage. Therefore, the materialist feminists wanted to discover ââ¬Å"how to inscribe a representational space for women that will point out the gender enculturation promoted through the representational frame and that will belie the oppressions of the dominant ideology it perpetuatesâ⬠(Dolan 101). The materialist feminists deviated from the idea that ââ¬Å"patriarchy is everywhere and always the same and that all women are ââ¬Ësistersââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬ and instead used their theater to underscore ââ¬Å"the role of class and history in creating the oppression of womenâ⬠(Case 82). The most successful way to make their points, they believe, is by highlighting the arbitrary nature of gender and its performance in society, and to assert that all real differences between individuals are the results of class inequalities, which in turn manifest in gender inequality. They wish ââ¬Å"to reveal the complicity of the representational apparatus in maintaining sexual difference,â⬠and prove that it is not as important to maintain these differences on stage as it had been in works of realism (Dolan 101). 23 It is through the performance ideologies of radical and materialist feminism that most feminist theater of the late twentieth century can be categorized. Also, many subsequent forms of feminist theater have been widely influenced by these theories, either directly or because the performers choose explicitly to deviate from the feminist theater norm in order to make their own points on gender in society. However, even today, much of feminist theater employs techniques of distancing, alienation, highlighting differences between sexes. They are less concerned with making sure gender is represented accurately on stage in accord with realism, or talking about issues that are traditionally considered feminine, such as womenââ¬â¢s sexuality, body, and life experiences due to gender. Beckett and Gender (Happy Days) Beckett is often criticized as being sexist. This claim comes mainly from the way the Beckett Estate, which is in control of all of Beckettââ¬â¢s works, deals with gender when giving out performance rights to companies. Beckett has made it very clear that only men are allowed to perform the roles for men, and women are allowed to perform the roles for women. His estate has filed a number of lawsuits on companies trying to change the gender roles in his works and has been successful in most instances (Jeffreys). Though some have gotten angry at the iron grip that the Beckett Estate seems to have on Beckettââ¬â¢s works, there is a logic to the demand that each gender represented in a play must be played by an actor of that gender. Beckett intentionally wrote a part for a man so a man could play it, in the same way that he wrote a part for a woman to play. He wrote very clear male and female voices. The female voice 24 specially that of Winnie, is inherently unique. She does not speak about herself or her troubles in the way that Vladimir and Estragon do in Godot. She does not speak about prostates or having an erection, she speaks about lipstick and quotes Shakespeare. Therefore, it is imperative to explore gender and choice of language in Beckettââ¬â¢s works, because he was so deliberate with gender in his productions. In many ways, Beckett has represented his women stereotypically. Throughout his writing career, however, Beckett began to challenge his original notions and began to portray women more diversely. At the beginning of his career, when he was focusing on prose, most of Beckettââ¬â¢s women were overbearing and clearly antagonistic to men. For example, in his first novel Murphy, the main female character, Celia, is a prostitute that Murphy lives with. Celia makes many demands of Murphy, and is portrayed as an overbearing woman throughout. On the other hand, Beckett did move away from some established theatrical gender roles. In traditional gender roles, young women were often sexualized and are portrayed as ââ¬Å"beautiful, chaste, and usually staticâ⬠(Bryden 18). Some say that Beckett does not conform to this gender stereotype because most of his women are loud, overbearing, in grotesque circumstances, and older. For example, in Happy Days, Winnie is continually overbearing toward Willie, especially when giving him specific directions on how she wants things done. He cannot even go where he wants without Winnie screeching, ââ¬Å"Do as I say, Willie, donââ¬â¢t lie sprawling there in this hellish sun, go back into your holeâ⬠(Beckett 25). Winnie has lost much of her vitality, and in a way is so far removed from it she is no longer bound to the stereotypes of youth. Instead, Winnie is 25 confined to stereotypes of age, as many older women are portrayed as meddling, controlling, and loving, just as Winnie is. Another gender stereotype would be the care that Winnie takes in preserving her appearance. Throughout the beginning of the play, Winnie is focused on making sure she keeps up her physical appearance. The act of obsessive grooming and the placement of value in physical appearance tend to be regarded as feminine traits. At the beginning of the play Winnie is following her morning routine. She brushes her teeth, checks herself in the mirror, and begins to apply lipstick. She is also concerned about the appearance of her hair. Winnie is in the middle of a thought when she anxiously cries out, ââ¬Å"My hair! Did I brush and comb my hair? I may have done, normally doâ⬠(Beckett 22). In a number of productions of Happy Days, the design takes into account the idea that in Act II Winnie is unable to move her arms any longer. Therefore she is unable to tend to her personal appearance. In the 2007 production of Happy Days at the Royal National Theatre in London starring Fiona Shaw, the actress had blackened teeth, mussed hair, and a dirtied face at the onset of Act II. This showed that Winnie was unable to take care of herself, and this choice is even supported in the text when Winnie mentions, ââ¬Å"Willie, look at me. Feast your old eyes, Willie. Does anything remain? Any remains? No? I havenââ¬â¢t been able to look after it, you knowâ⬠(Beckett 62). Willie, as a man, does not tend to his appearance in the same vein at all, and to that effect does not help Winnie keep up her looks when she is no longer able. Winnie must give him orders on how to take care of his 26 appearance. Therefore, Beckett places the female in the stereotypical role of taking care of her appearance, while the male is placed in the role where he does not. Winnie is also obsessed with her declining looks. It is clear that she spends much of her time trying to impress Willie and feels that because she has lost her looks, she has lost what makes her desirable to men. She states, ââ¬Å"Was I lovable once, Willie? Was I ever lovable? Do not misunderstand my question, I am not asking you if you loved me, we all know about that, I am asking if you found me loveable at one stageâ⬠(Beckett 31). Winnie believes that her lovability is directly attached to the past, and therefore her youth. It is generally considered typical of women, rather than men, to be obsessed with their own youth and beauty. Women are typically cast off as undesirable when they reach a certain age, whereas men have a much longer time frame before society deems them too old to be physically attractive. Winnie also remembers her beauty from before she was in the mound, stating: and now? The face. The nose. I can see itâ⬠¦ the tipâ⬠¦the nostrilsâ⬠¦breath of lifeâ⬠¦ that curve you so admiredâ⬠¦ if I stick it outâ⬠¦the tipâ⬠¦suspicion of browâ⬠¦eyebrowâ⬠¦imagination possiblyâ⬠¦. Cheekâ⬠¦noâ⬠¦noâ⬠¦ even if I puff them outâ⬠¦ noâ⬠¦noâ⬠¦damask. (Beckett 52) She truly believes that her looks are the only reason that Willie could have ever loved her, and now that they are gone, she has no means of attraction. It is stereotypically characteristic of a woman to have these thoughts, and the preoccupation fits the gender stereotype. Winnie is also a stereotypical woman in the way she remembers her past lovers. For example, she is very sentimental about the memories of her first ball and her first kiss. It was with ââ¬Å"a Mr. Johnson, or Johnston, or perhaps I should say 27 Johnstone. Very bushy moustache, very tawny. Almost ginger! Within a toolshed, though whose I cannot conceiveâ⬠(Beckett 16). According to most gender stereotypes, it is typical of women to be obsessive over past relationships. Winnieââ¬â¢s memory is no exception. She also remembers another lover before Willie named Charlie. It is a fleeting memory, where she contemplates the situation, stating, ââ¬Å"Ah yesâ⬠¦ thenâ⬠¦nowâ⬠¦beechen greenâ⬠¦thisâ⬠¦Charlieâ⬠¦ kissesâ⬠¦thisâ⬠¦all thatâ⬠¦ deep trouble for the mindâ⬠(Beckett 51). Clearly, Winnie is saddened in her memories but clings to them because she has little left that she can value as a result of her situation in the mound. Holding onto her past lovers represents Winnieââ¬â¢s desire to hold onto her rites of passage, including her first sexual experiences. Beckett explores a number of other stereotypes, including the purse Winnie carries. A purse is traditionally considered a feminine object to carry and generally is filled with trinkets that women are prone to using or carrying around. For example, the bag that Winnie uses is filled with such objects as a compact mirror, a handkerchief, a bottle of medicine, lipstick, a brush and comb, and a nail file. Although it can be argued that Winnie is bound to her purse because of her lack of mobility and things to occupy her time, it can also be seen as a comment on the female gender and their stereotypical dependence on the purse or bag that they carry. Winnie has great faith in her bag, and is protective of and dependent on it, stating: There is of course the bag. The bag. Could I enumerate its contents? No. Could I, if some kind person were to come along and ask, What all have you got in that big black bag, Winnie? Give an exhaustive answer? No. The depths in particular, who knows what treasures. What comforts. (Beckett 32) 28 Winnie is so attached to her bag she believes that the objects themselves carry not only meaning, but life. In the second act Winnie contemplates, ââ¬Å"Itââ¬â¢s things, Willie. In the bag, outside the bag. Ah yes, things have their life, that is what I always say, things have a lifeâ⬠(Beckett 54). This materialistic view has been attributed to women in many instances. Someone who marries a person for their money or resources is more likely to be a woman than a man (even though it is a stereotype for both genders), as women are seen as a lower class, and to escape their place in the class structure they marry into their wealth as they are not as privileged to earn it themselves. There is, however, one stereotypically masculine object in the bag: the revolver. In many cases, the revolver is a symbol of power and dominance over others. In the past, men typically carried firearms on their person and were given guns to use in war, an arena that has only recently been occupied in a standard capacity by women. The shape of the gun itself can also be considered phallic. The gun, considered as a phallic object, can also be seen as a castration of Willie. Winnie has essential ownership over his manhood. This can be supported by one of Willieââ¬â¢s few lines, in which Winnie asks him what a ââ¬Å"hogââ¬â¢s setaeâ⬠is, to which he replies, ââ¬Å"Castrated male swine. Reared for slaughterâ⬠(Beckett 47). Willie clearly sees himself as someone who is no longer in control of his masculinity and has fallen so far that his status is reduced to that of a pig. He is also so far gone that he is ready to be killed. He is on his deathbed, waiting to go to the slaughterhouse. This viewpoint is very alarming, and does shed a slightly negative light on women. Winnie, in many ways, 29 can be seen as a monster for having power over the gun and therefore Willieââ¬â¢s masculinity. It is again remarkable to note that Winnie, not Willie, is the owner of the gun as it suggests that Winnie is in possession of the masculine object, and thereby the power. It is in her bag, and though she seems repulsed by the idea of a gun, she is also somewhat fascinated and consoled by its presence. When considering the gun, Winnie states, ââ¬Å"oh I suppose itââ¬â¢s a comfort to know youââ¬â¢re there, but Iââ¬â¢m tired of you. Iââ¬â¢ll leave you out, thatââ¬â¢s what Iââ¬â¢ll do. There, that is your home from this day outâ⬠(Beckett 33). It is also unclear whether or not Willie is attempting to reclaim the gun from Winnie or not. At the playââ¬â¢s end, when Willie comes out ââ¬Å"dressed to killâ⬠and comes to Winnie on the mound where the gun is resting near her, Beckett makes sure that Willieââ¬â¢s last lunge towards the mound is ambiguous (Beckett 61). One is unsure whether or not he is trying to reach for Winnie, or for her gun. Regardless of his motive, one thing is certain: he does not attain the gun; it remains in Winnieââ¬â¢s possession. It is fair to assume that if the playââ¬â¢s narrative would have continued, Willie would never have gotten the gun from Winnie. Therefore, though Winnie is considered stereotypical with the use of her purse to carry trinkets and her attachment to her purse, she also is the wielder of a surprisingly masculine object, and the male character is unable to have it for himself. Another notable point is that commonly arises in Beckett plays is the lack of mobility women usually have, which suggests that women have little room for advancement in this world. Scholar Mary Bryden points out that ââ¬Å"in these plays, stasis 30 has more in common with aspiration than with condemnation,â⬠meaning that those who are not moving have aspirations that are static, not that they themselves are condemned to some sort of hell (90). Nell in Endgame lives in a trash can. The women in Play (1963) are trapped in urns. While this lack of mobility can be seen in male characters as well (Nagg in Endgame, the male in Play), the effect is different. Other men are given mobility in Beckettââ¬â¢s works, when women are less likely to be given movement. Hamm is able to move, as is Krapp, Vladimir, Estragon, Lucky, Pozzo, and most notably Willie. Willie is given the option of mobility, whereas Winnie is not. Winnie is actually happy with her lack of movement, stating, ââ¬Å"What a curse, mobility! â⬠(Beckett 46). She is aware that at one time she used to be mobile, but blissfully unaware at how much easier her life was when she was mobile. She was able to hold a parasol above her head with ease instead of with pain and discomfort. She was not the object of spectacle when others passed by. She was independent in many ways because she was not bound to the earth. She even dreams of leaving her situation, and dreams that ââ¬Å"if I were not heldââ¬âin this wayââ¬âI would simply float up into the blue. And that perhaps someday the earth will yield and let me go, the pull is so great, yes, crack all round and let me outâ⬠(Beckett 33). Winnie recalls these things many times and acknowledges that mobility would be best for her. But she remains complacent about her situation and still finds happiness in her utterly dependent state with Willie, because her aspirations cause her to stay immobile. Her mobility is in direct relation to her ambitions. Since her dreams are not going anywhere, neither is Winnie. 31 In other ways Beckett does break standard gender stereotypes when portraying his women. In a patriarchal society the wife is supposed to be the servant to the husband. While Winnie is holding up her parasol and her arm tires, she asks his permission to put it down, stating, ââ¬Å"bid me to put this thing down, Willie, I will obey you instantly, as I have always done, honoured, and obeyedâ⬠(Beckett 36). It seems that Winnie is a woman who is completely dependent on her husband, and in many ways she is because of her situation in the mound. However, Willie is the one who serves Winnie. Willie is the one who brings her items when she demands them, answers to her voice when she calls out to him, and essentially does whatever she demands. Winnie, in effect, has not taken the role of the stereotypical married woman. She mentions that she serves her husband and is bound to do so. Therefore she does not leave because of her duty and her vow of marriage and her situation in the hill. Willie, in the same vein, is not trapped in the hill as Winnie is. He is able to leave the harsh environment whenever he would like and essentially let fate take Winnie. He doesnââ¬â¢t leave, however. He takes the abusive phrases from his wife and he stays with her until presumably the end of her days. In much the same way, sex in Beckett plays is just as forgotten and elusive to men as it is to women. Characters in Beckett plays remember that sex, at one time, existed. But now it is so far in the past that it is almost forgotten. Winnieââ¬â¢s only memories of sex seem to be poor, as she states ââ¬Å"sadness after intimate sexual intercourse one is familiar with of course. You would concur with Aristotle there, Willie, I fancyâ⬠(Beckett 57). Ironically, the Aristotle quotation actually refers to men, 32 stating ââ¬Å"the exhaustion consequent on the loss of even a very little of the semen is conspicuous because the body is deprived of the ultimate gain drawn from the nutriment â⬠¦ [so] as a general rule the result of intercourse is exhaustion and weakness rather than reliefâ⬠(Alexander). It is extremely interesting that Winnie, as a woman, references such a masculine viewpoint on sexuality. However, she does seem to agree with this overtly masculine philosophy. Through her condition in the hill, Winnieââ¬â¢s sexuality is gradually covered up. Cooker, or Shower, as Winnie is hard at remembering, has made numerous comments about her sexuality in regards to the mound. Cooker and/or Shower is a man and his wife, that occasionally pass Winnie and Willie, and make rude comments about the state that Winnie finds herself in. Beckett was well versed in German, and used these English names as a play on words. In German, the word ââ¬Å"schauenâ⬠means to look, and ââ¬Å"guckenâ⬠to watch: naming his onlookers Shower and Cooker was highly suggestive. The mysterious onlooker is curious as to whether her body is still good looking, stating, ââ¬Å"canââ¬â¢t have been a bad bosomâ⬠¦in its day. Seen worse shouldersâ⬠¦in my time. Does she feel her legs? . . . has she anything on underneath? â⬠(Beckett 58). She is infuriated by the comments, yelling, ââ¬Å"let go of me for Christ sake and drop! Drop dead! â⬠(Beckett 58). But her condition in the mound makes it impossible to defend herself. While man and woman are both foreign to sex, it is the woman who is trapped and made a fool of, and has no way to defend herself because of the condition the playwright has placed her in. Dolan makes a point to discuss this in her work, commenting on the role that sexuality plays in performance. She believes that ââ¬Å"if power adheres in sexuality, and cultural feminists 33 assume power leads to violence against women, it becomes politically and artistically necessary to attempt to disengage representation from desire,â⬠meaning that in feminist theater practices, women have to be presented as women, not the object of male sexual desire (Dolan 61). In Beckettââ¬â¢s production, Winnie is literally trapped and gaped at, proving Dolanââ¬â¢s point that in most of the modern canon, the representation of woman on stage is synonymous with desire. One of the scenes in Happy Days that concentrates most on sex is that in which Winnie discusses Mildred, commonly referenced as Milly, and the mouse. The story is quite frightening and underlines the idea that sex for women and for Winnie in particular has been terrifying and un-gratifying. In the second act, Winnie describes Mildred, a little girl who could have been Winnie as a young woman. She has been given a wax doll named Dolly. Milly sneaks out of her room to the nursery to undress Dolly, as she seemingly has been ââ¬Å"forbidden to do so,â⬠then suddenly out of nowhere a mouse appears and crawls up Millyââ¬â¢s leg (Beckett 55). She screams, and the entire household comes running to see what the matter is. It is at that moment that Winnie stops her story, and is too overcome to finish. It is clear from the language, that the story is one of Millyââ¬â¢s, or perhaps Winnieââ¬â¢s, first memories of sexuality and perhaps her own sexuality. Clearly the experience frightened her in regard to her sexual nature, because she abruptly stops her story by warning Willie that he ââ¬Å"may close [his] eyes, then [he] must close [his] eyes- and keep them closedâ⬠(Beckett 59). While Winnieââ¬â¢s sexuality has shifted and her sex drive has been affected by her entrapment in the 34 mound, it is clear that even from a young age she was not accepting of her sexuality, or able to properly deal with it because she felt violated. Throughout Beckettââ¬â¢s work, gender stereotypes are present. However, these stereotypes are accompanied by a number of gender deviations from the stereotypical norm. Therefore, when considering the work of Beckett, it is valid to assert that although Beckett conforms to gender stereotyping, he is not bound by them. Even though his work is informed by a world on the verge of the second-wave feminist movement, he is beginning to break gender stereotypes that are inherent in his earlier works of prose and even drama. Therefore, Happy Days is an appropriate and interesting play to look at from an absurdist feminist perspective. Happy Days in Performance: A Feminist Perspective (Process) When mounting a production there are a number of individuals involved, and they all have a certain role to play. Actors, directors, producers, and the production design team all work together to create a final performance. In the fall, I spent most of my time researching the production and writing the preliminary part of my thesis. In the production, I held two roles: that of producer and lead actress. As a producer, it was my responsibility to be in charge of the logistical elements of the production. I was responsible for coordinating the space rental, finding rehearsal spaces, making the program and fliers, and essentially all of the production aspects of the performance. Some of my duties I gave to my director and stage manager to handle, which in a typical performance would not happen; however, since I was also taking on the role as the lead actress, I had to divide my time. In that role I was expected to memorize all of 35 my lines, have character ideas, personalize emotional responses and relationships, and have a set of actions to achieve my objectives. This role proved to be the most time consuming, as the Beckett script was repetitive and convoluted, making it difficult to memorize. Winnie is essentially the only character who speaks (meaning there are no other actors to rely on for help with lines and following the through line of the script, or the journey of the character throughout the play), and the nature of absurdist work makes it difficult to discover objectives and relationships. One of my first duties as producer was to assemble a production team. First, I chose a performance faculty advisor. I asked Professor Shelley Delaney because of her work with one-woman performances and her knowledge of the craft of acting. After making this choice, I was informed that Professor Delaney would not be able to help direct me in the production. I knew that as an actor I would not be able to assess my progress without the help of a director. Therefore, I asked Arielle Giselle Rogers to direct me. She graduated from Ohio Universityââ¬â¢s School of Theater with a BFA in Acting in 2011, and she is very experienced in directing and performing in onewoman shows, especially feminist works (she is the founding member of F-Word, a feminist theater performance group on Ohio Universityââ¬â¢s campus). I also needed a stage manager; someone to handle the day to day operations of rehearsal. For that I choose Jacob St. Aubin, a junior BFA stage management major because he is an impeccable organizer and very talented. I then needed a set designer to help with the construction of the hill that Winnie is buried in. I chose Ryan Myers, a senior BFA production design and technology major who specializes in set design, based on his 36 previous design and portfolio work. For costumes I turned to Megan Knowles, a senior BFA production design and technology major who specializes in costumes, because I had worked with her before and she has a very impressive portfolio. For the sound design I asked Aaron Butler, a graduate student in the School of Music, because of his work in other School of Theater productions in which he utilized minimalist soundscapes and experimental music. For the lighting design I asked Keri Donovan, a BFA production design and technology major who specializes in lighting design to create the effect of the fire and generally light the show. Finally, I solicited help from one other faculty member, Laura Parrotti, who was my vocal coach throughout the process. Professor Parrotti has been a vocal coach on a number of professional productions, as well as the main voice coach for the School of Theater students. Her advice on how to handle the Beckett text from a vocal standpoint was instrumental to the process. Rehearsals for Happy Days began January 9, 2012. The cast consisted of me (Rachel Collins) as Winnie and Sean Oââ¬â¢Brien as Willie. Rehearsals were coordinated through a joint effort between Jacob and me, but he facilitated the rehearsal reports, space rental, and coordination of meetings with the production team. The first week of rehearsals consisted of table work, which was run by Arielle. Table work is generally the term used for the first week of rehearsal, in which the actors go through the script beat by beat and look at the academic and theoretical aspects behind the script that would inform the performance. Sean and I read through the script while Arielle gave notes. Then the three of us would discuss the scholarly background of the play, 7 characters, motivation, and my take on the thesis, etc. , with the group and began to come up with character ideas and how to shape the piece. The main aspect we discussed through these workings was the idea that Winnie is a woman who i How to cite Absurdism, Papers cindygonzal24http://www.blogger.com/profile/00742844177696111557noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5188382922320862402.post-76216380905581626272020-05-06T03:58:00.001-07:002020-05-06T03:58:18.732-07:00Conflict Between Right and Wrong in Twelve Angry Men free essay sample Rose uses the jurors to show the conflict between right and wrong in Twelve Angry Men. Discuss. In the historical play Twelve Angry Men the author Reginald Rose, shows how the jurors in the play highlight the right and wrongs and how hard it can be to overcome them, which leads to conflict. The twelve jurors had the job of convicting a criminal on the term of beyond reasonable doubt according the evidence they were given in court. Juror 8 was the only juror that took this on board and based his decision on this term which was highlighted during the initial vote. Juror 8 showed how his reason and logical approach demonstrated one of the few rights in the play. During the initial vote it was juror 8s courage to rise above everyone and vote not guilty despite what the others would say to him that showed the reader that Rose used his character to demonstrate the right way to act. We will write a custom essay sample on Conflict Between Right and Wrong in Twelve Angry Men or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page His good behaviour is shown from the first vote right through to the end of the play. Its just that were talking about somebodys life here. I mean, we cant decide in five minutes was his attitude at the first vote even though he did not believe he was guilty or not guilty he couldnt leave that room without doing the job that he was in there to do which separated his characteristics from the other jurors. Rose deliberately made Juror 8 have these characteristics to show the conflict between being right and being wrong in this situation and also the importance of standing up. Personal feeling and personal prejudice were the main influences of Jurors 3 and Juror 10s verdict towards the case. This case triggered an emotional response within Juror 3 and this resulted in him acting in ways which were considered to be wrong. He became too involved and emotionally attached to the case and let his feeling block out the facts that were being presented to him. He relates this case to his son and they fact that he didnt punish him so instead he would take his feelings about his son onto this case, which caused him to make claims like he was going to be the boys executioner. Personal prejudice, hatred of people from a slum background, was the cause of Juror 10 to become blinded by the facts and truth that was being discussed on the table in front of him. He based his opinion on what people had told him about people from a slum background and stating they want to destroy us to persuade the other jurors to side with him again as he could see them slipping away. Rose makes these two characters become blinded by their own feelings and prejudice to show the conflict that was caused between those who were right and wrong by them behaving the wrong way. The conflict that the jurors caused between themselves by their behaviours of right and wrong made the final decision even more difficult to achieve. At the first vote all but one juror followed the rest of the group and their attitude to having to be on the jury and make a decision was negative. This is what started the conflict between many jurors. The fact that some jurors let their personal feeling get in the way of the facts of the case led to arguments between those who saw the facts and evidence and those who let their feelings blind them from the truth. This conflict between the jurors is how Rose showed who was showing the right attitude and who was showing the wrong attitude during the play. There were many jurors who sat in silence throughout the discussions and based their verdicts on what other members of the jury decided upon, which is portrayed to be immoral by Rose. Their role as a jury was to discuss the case and decide a verdict based upon only the facts of the case. Rose makes the jurors who just sit there and do not have an input into the discussion appear to be as bad as those who are prejudice and have personal feelings towards the case. The others are silent was the stage direction that showed the readers that the other jurors had no input into the conversation. The jurors who did not have an input were portrayed to be just as bad as those who let prejudice and personal feelings be the decided of their opinion. Twelve Angry Men shows how Rose uses the characters to show the conflict between right and wrong. Characters who let personal feelings and prejudice blind them from the truth were Roses demonstration as wrong in the play, where as Juror 8 show how his reason and logical approach lead him to be the demonstration of right. The jurors who didnt have any input and just sat around the table silent, were also considered to be wrong because their role was to discuss the evidence and bring forward a unanimous verdict based upon their discussi ons. cindygonzal24http://www.blogger.com/profile/00742844177696111557noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5188382922320862402.post-20099637387636639772020-05-01T04:25:00.001-07:002020-05-01T04:25:04.680-07:00Concepts of Humanity and Art Appreciation Essay Example For Students Concepts of Humanity and Art Appreciation Essay Course Description Art Appreciation focuses on the study and appreciation of representative examples of visual and performing arts, literature, music and significant famous structures around the world. The exploration of interrelationships of the arts and their philosophies emphasizes the nature of humankind and the need to create. The course explores human values, attitudes, and ideas by examining the history and nature of human creative expression from a variety of time periods, art forms, creators and cultural traditions. This course aims to introduce the students to the visual arts, literature, philosophy, music, and the performing arts. General Objectives 1. To provide the students with a general overview of the humanities making them see their own world from many vantage points and help them grow up to become better human beings. 2. To acquaint the students theoretically to visual, auditory, and performing arts (traditional and contemporary) through the study of the types, medium, basic elements and principles of organization of each form. 3. To become aware of his/her surroundings and associate them with man of the past thereby integrating the two periods together, thus making the world a better place to live in. . To help the students develop aesthetic satisfaction of the different forms of the arts, both local and foreign. 5. To enable the students to develop critical and analytical mind in the appreciation of the different form of arts. 6. To make the students aware of the different works of art particularly those of the Filipino artists to make them feel proud of their heritage. Significant Concepts and General Overview of the Humanities A. History of the Humanities In the West, the study of the humanities can be traced to ancient Greece, as a basis of broad education for citizens. During the Roman times, the concept of the seven liberal arts1 evolved, involving grammar, rhetoric, and logic (the Trivium), along with arithmetic, geometry, astronomia, and music (the Quadrivium). These subjects formed the bulk of medieval education, with the emphasis being on the humanities as skills or ââ¬Å"ways of doing. â⬠A major shift occurred during the Renaissance, when the humanities began to be regarded as subjects to be studied rather than practiced, with a corresponding shift away from the traditional fields into areas such as literature and history. In the 20th century, this view was in turn challenged by the postmodernist movement, which sought to redefine the humanities in more egalitarian terms suitable for a democratic society. B. What is Humanities? The humanities is a group of academic subjects united by a commitment to studying aspects of the human condition and a qualitative approach that generally prevents a single paradigm from coming to define any single discipline. The humanities are usually distinguished from the social sciences and the natural sciences and include subjects such as the classics, languages, literature, music, philosophy, the performing arts, religion, and the visual arts. Other subjects at times included as humanities in some parts of the world include archaeology, area studies, communications, cultural studies, and history, although these are often regarded as social sciences elsewhere. Many students approach Humanities with awe and dread. They feel the material is overwhelming or obscure or, worse yet, irrelevant to their lives. But this is a false impression. You may or may not believe this now, but you will be reflecting on the material of this course for the rest of your life. Right now, many of you are concerned with very immediate issues: Can I find a job? Can I find a life-partner? Where is the next dollar or peso coming from? Humanities may or may not have the answers to these practical questions right now. But after you have graduated, after you have gotten a job, after you have established yourself in the community, you will come to appreciate the Humanities courses even more. The Humanities courses have been formally defined as presenting Western civilization through the study of history and in equal measure the study of great books. But presented that way, we are actually focusing upon results rather than causes. The Humanities courses try to answer the questions: 1. What does it mean to be human? 2. What are we here for? 3. What is the meaning of life? (we can ask this in a philosophical way) 4. What do I need to do in order to live well and live better? (we can ask this in a practical manner) C. Three (3) Things that Humanities are and One Thing that it is not, Humanities deal with: 1. What humans are: the human 2. What humans do: our humanity 3. What humans can be: the humane 1. What Does it Mean to be Human? If humanities come from humanity and humanity comes from human, we might trace this step further. The word ââ¬Å"humanâ⬠comes from the Latin word ââ¬Å"humusâ⬠which means ââ¬Å"earthâ⬠, in the sense of ââ¬Å"soilâ⬠, or ââ¬Å"dustâ⬠. Interestingly, the name of the Biblical first man, Adam, is derived from Hebrew word ââ¬Å"adamahâ⬠which means ââ¬Å"dustâ⬠. On one level, we are children of the earth ââ¬â We go out, work, propagate, and die. ââ¬Å"Dust we are, to dust we shall return. â⬠Many of you would say that you are here to get yourself trained for a job. That for many people is the purpose of getting an education. Well and good! We value having a job as much as anyone else. But, important and necessary as job is, it is not sufficient for us to live a fully human life. Much more is possible in living than passing each day mechanically, subject to the push and pull of the moment. Simply put, holding down a job and doing housework is not being fully human. Are we born to bloom and drop? What of ââ¬Å"soulâ⬠, however one cares to define that intangible ââ¬Å"moreâ⬠that makes human life worthwhile? We all know ââ¬â more is possible; and this more is pointed to by Humanities. 2. What Humans Do Our Humanity Humanities deal with what arises from our humanity and ââ¬Å"humanityâ⬠refers to all the people who have ever lived, are now living, and who will live in the future. The Humanities deal with what has been accomplished by this great chain of generation through the vast store of human memory we call ââ¬Å"history. â⬠We study those things which are distinctively human: art, language, literature, politics, religion, etc. We create and furthermore we can appreciate what we create. This is uniquely human. 3. What Humans Can Be The Humane And finally, Humanities deal with what creates our truest or highest humanity. We become more aware of and more sensitive to the many dimensions of human life. We become more humane ââ¬â we grow in knowledge and sympathy. 4. What Humanities is Not: Humanism2 / Secular Humanism When some people hear the word ââ¬Å"Humanitiesâ⬠, they associate it with the word ââ¬Å"humanismâ⬠by which they usually mean ââ¬Å"secular humanismâ⬠ââ¬â a belief system that denies the transcendent and the divine. Secular humanism focuses on this life alone. It says that this world is all that there is ââ¬â there is no transcendent dimension. But Humanities does not necessarily mean ââ¬Å"secular humanism. â⬠Secular humanism is only one of many different ways of interpreting what life and history are about. The Humanities courses focus on human achievement; to do so in no way deny that there may be a transcendent dimension to human life as well. Why Study Humanities The most usual question ask by the students regarding the inclusion of humanities in the curriculum is the relevance of the subject to the course. At first, the question sounds reasonable. It is true that the subject does not direct anyone to finding fortune. It does not teach anyone how to produce rice. But moving further into the deep of humanity unsheates the question with its credibility. The question becomes a demonstration of a complete ignorance to the true meaning of life. If this world is made up only of material things such as food, car, money, sex and others, then the artists have no right to inhabit this planet. They can live somewhere in the limbo where perhaps a decent being recognizes the reason of the artistsââ¬â¢ existence. The basic reason why humanities is included in the curriculum is to equip students with a culture that is necessary to complete his being. This is the culture that frees man from sticking to the mandates of the world. Man is a highly cultures if he could live happily beyond the things that satisfy only the practicalities of life. Saint Thomas Aquinas said: art is opposite to the practical. Art is not concerned whether man has fine dresses, delicious food or if he has money. Art is concerned on something that lives beyond matters. Novelists write without thinking of any monetary return. They do it because there is something that they want humanity to understand. Student should remember that Total Human Development, as the meaning of education does not mean to finish a degree, find a ob and gather wealth to heap. Like the artists, man should labor beyond the value of money. The Branches of Humanities The Humanities can be grouped generally into three: fine arts, practical arts, and performing arts. The following are considered fine arts: 1. Painting. This is a kind of art, which main process is applying color or pigment to a surface. There are different mediums and various types of painting. 2. Literature. This is a kind of art which main medium are the written words. There are two main classifications, prose and poetry. The following are considered performing arts: 1. Dance. This combines movements of feet, hands and body in rhythm. Its aesthetic element is seen on the unity and harmony of the movements. 2. Singing/Music. The art of putting together the sounds in order. Its medium/media are either human voices or instruments, or a combination of the two. . Cinema. Or motion picture that blends together the fundamental and vital elements of music, painting, literature, and music. The following are considered practical arts: 1. Sculpture. Refers to the breaking, and or piecing together hard stone or other shapeable materials to represent something imagined or real. This is an art presented in three dimensions. 2. Architecture. This is an art of designing and constructing a building or other type of structure. Materials include concrete, brick, wood, steel, glass, and plaster. Art as, Personal, and Culturally Significant Meaning By deducing, we can say humanities, in broad terms, is a record of manââ¬â¢s quest for fundamental questions. By etymology, humanities came from the Latin word HUMANUS which means human, cultured and refined which underscores manââ¬â¢s essential worth for capacity for self advancement. However, humanities is applied to ancient writings of Latin authors. During the medieval age, it refers to philosophy theology (the quest for spiritual life or a preparation to life hereafter). In Renaissance, it is applied to disciplines taught in Universities (traditional branches are grammar, rhetoric, history, literature, music, philosophy, theology, language), a body of knowledge which asserts intrinsic value of manââ¬â¢s life on earth (as opposed to medieval times) or in other words, would make manââ¬â¢s life richer and more meaningful. In 19th cent. , humanities loss its prestige because of sciences which believed that they can procure everything that man needs wants. Consequently, science tones down its rising and humanities finds leverage when science hamper lives nature (atomic bombs, drugs, inventions, etc. , in which science can be well use if itââ¬â¢s controlled by individual w/ high ideals (the bright side which humanities offers) Furthermore, humanities, controversially, is closely connected to philosophical view of humanism (indebted to Protagoras dictum that ââ¬Å"man is the measure of all thingsâ⬠which emphasizes dignity worthiness of ma n and recognizes creative expressions). Now, humanities refers to group of cultural subjects or to arts (visual, auditory, performing, literature), a branch which concerned to human thought, feelings relations. Although some universities when they talk of humanities they refer it to philosophy, theology, arts etc. Or by saying humanities, it talks about the inner space program concerned in thoughts, creations, and actions of man in the past in the present (matters of values, sentiments, priorities, insights, interrelations, transcendental realities). Humanities and Science By definition, science is systematized, organized body of knowledge, obtained from observation, studies and experimentations. It deals with the objective and external world of man. While humanities talks about expression, appreciation perception, personality, heart. It deals with the subjective or internal world of man. Importance Science educates minds, hearts; humanities educates feelings sensitivities so that we may use our things without forgetting that we are human beings. humanizing,ââ¬â¢ Salvador Gonzalez says. Furthermore, science alone is not adequate to make man truly humane/educated, humanities is really imperative for humanization. Looking in education system, it prepares us for lifeââ¬â¢s career (work, work, work) but not for a better life! a life which not living for work alone. Humanities provides man with measure/education of his passion, desire, relation w/ others environment, potentials, and for enjoyment in arts leisure but productive which man will be recreated, fulfilled, creative. But subjectââ¬â¢s humble objective is for students to be guided in their encounter with arts, find enjoyment in arts not as antidote for dull, boredom, lone moments but capacity to perceive, understand, appreciate arts, as well as personal artistic discovery. Arts By saying humanities, we simply say were talking of artsOur attitude towards arts may be influenced by these basic assumptions: 1. Art has been created by various people, at all places time. It exists because it is liked enjoyed. It does not grow old. 2. Art is something to be seen, heard 3. Art is the product of manââ¬â¢s imagination, good taste and skill in doing things. 4. Nature is artful, its beauty and artistry could be enhanced. Some philosophers have given up the search for an absolute and eternal definition of art. Although there may be agreement on defining art at any particular place and time, even a cursory look at the history of intellectual thought reveals that people have held quite different views elsewhere and in other periods. Art is always creative, always evolving in style, in purpose, and significantly, in definition. This being the case, art can only have an ââ¬Å"openâ⬠definition that specifies the traits that are usually present in those things commonly designated as art, even though no single trait is definitely present in all art. However, in any case, it would be facilitating to have a conceptual definition of art to have a grasp of understanding. Etymologically speaking, arts came from a Latin word ARS which means ability skill . It covers those areas of artistic creativity that seeks to communicate beauty primarily to the senses. It applies to such activities that express aesthetic ideas by use of skill imagination in creation of objects/masterpiece. It talks not only of craftsmanship but also proficiency in performing such activity. Arts is an experienced activity 1) wants to communicate 2) expressing or creating 3) gratification of accomplished work. However, loosely, itââ¬â¢s anything that can be accomplished w/ great skill. Compared to other manââ¬â¢s activities, arts is impractical: it does not meant to meet to the requirements of day to day living, however, by function we say itââ¬â¢s for practical usefulness(functional non functional satisfying. Working Definition of Art Art is the communication of feelings/ideas by sensuous medium fashioned into symbolic language marked by beauty of design coherence of forms. Nature of Ar: 1. Aesthetic value (we always expect an art to be beautiful through our relative perception) 2. man-made (planned activity; not natural ; unburdened/shared feelings ) Medium The very existence of an art style presupposes the existence of a medium in which artworks are executed. Medium refers to the materials/means which the artists used to objectify (express) his/her feelings/thought (pigment, stone, wood, metal, plastic, sound, words, gestures, etc. ). However, these medium have inherent limitations as well as potentials to exploits. Symbolic Language Symbolic language refers to subject; it refers to what the work of art is represented/described. It could be representational or nonrepresentational but there lies the difficulty in assessing the matter. The subject provides the answer to the question: What is the painting or piece of sculpture all about? In painting, subject is no problem if the artist has painted realistically. We can somehow understand an artistââ¬â¢s subject in different levels of meaning through 1. factual 2. conventional meaning 3. subjective meaning. Forms The term forms apply to the over-all design of a work of art. 5 Forms refers to the classification of arts: 1. visual 2. auditory 3. performing 4. literature Michael Harper The Waterbowl EssayIn a long file of things or people, the figures in the distance are smaller than those in the foreground. Object seem to recede in the distance. This is perspective, the distant appearance of an object. 8. Symbols. Artists often include symbolic objects in their paintings. A symbol can be defined as something, which has special meaning or a special message. Artists use them to express such ideas as life, death, hope and faith in God. A painting may have hidden meanings within it as expressed in the symbols the artist uses. 9. Texture. This is the visual appearance of things. In sculpture, this includes the sense of touch that has something to do with the characteristics of surface. It can be rough or smooth, fine or coarse, shiny or dull. In painting, texture represents the skin, clothes, jewelry and other objects of the artists. Styles of Arts According to the Development Men had already appreciated art long before they learned to write. Paintings, believed to have been mastered before the advent of writing are seen on the walls of a certain cave in Cro-Magnon France. This art on the wall has an extreme theme of naturalism. They are reflections of things seen by the haunting cavemen. Most are pictures of wild animals and trees. But as shown further, the development of art in the cave was not left behind by the development of the people from food gathering to food producing. Some paintings contain symbolic elements as modern arts do. There are paintings of fallen leaves to indicate summer, zigzag line probably to indicate mountains or seas and fingers-made stripes may represent the rainbow. 1. Baroque Art It is derived from the word barocco, an ill-shaped pearl. The word can be associated to an overly ornamental thing or person. A person with too much adornment is labeled as Baroque. Curved and zigzag lines, which express vitality and actions, make fit to the standard of baroque art. This art flourished in Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries. Baroque art rejects straight lines because in art straight lines imply simplicity. 2. Gothic Art This is recognizable by its pointed arches and ribbed vaults. Pointed towers exemplify faith. Every important structure of gothic architecture served to illustrate its upright position. 3. Renaissance Rebirth, or revival of the classics. This is a movement in art that aims at bringing back the classic art of the Greeks and Romans. But artists of this period were still free to integrate their own taste into the classic although features of classism such as balance, harmony, proportions and intellectual orders were the standard of the time. 4. Modern Art Modernization is characterized by the advancement of technology. This technology brought several changes to manââ¬â¢s lifestyle and this lifestyle gave birth to several aristic creations. Some modern arts that came out through recent inventions are photography, industrial arts, cosmetics, and advertising. Cinematography is also an art that emerged together with the modern innovation of man. Methods of Presenting the Art Subjects General Grouping of Painting Generally, painting can be grouped according to its mood of presentation. First, a painting is called abstract when the painter does not show the subject as it appears in reality. The artist shows only his thought and feeling. At first sight of the painting, the meaning is not easily recognized. Other abstract painters present the figures in some recognizable forms but they are presented in a misshapen manner. Secondly, a painting is considered realistic when the subject is presented as it appears in reality. Critics of arts like Aristotle called this style as mimetic or imitation that the work of art exactly appears in reality. Styles in Painting In presenting anything, methods are employed in order to be effective. There are various methods of presenting art. 1. Realism. In art, this is the attempt to portray the subject as it is. Even when the artist chooses a subject from nature, he selects, changes, and rearranges details to express the idea he wants to make clear. Realists try to objective as possible. Here, the artistââ¬â¢s main function is to describe as accurately and honestly as possible what is observed through the senses. We can say that an art or work of art is realistic when the presentation and organization of details in the work seem so natural. Realism is a common way of presenting the art subject. In literature, realism has for its goal the faithful rendering of the objective reality of human life. Since the reality is the necessary raw material of all art, realism has certainly existed since literature began. 2. Abstract/Abstractionism. Abstraction is the process of simplifying or organizing objects and elements according to demands of artistic expression. Abstract: to move away, separate, moves away from showing things as they really are. Abstract presents the subject not as it appears in reality. Abstract art, is a style of painting or sculpture that is non-representational and in which form and color are intended to be appreciated in themselves. The term is generally applied to a distinct style of Western art that developed in the early 20th century and that today is still a central concern of artists and sculptors. There are various types of abstracts, which are as follow. a. Distortion. This is a kind of abstract which natural form is twisted or distorted. There is a misshapen look of the picture presented. A good example of this style is seen in the works of Spanish painter, Salvador Dali. b. Elongation. The character or the object being painted is elongated or extended. This is to emphasize a certain purpose of the painter. The Resurrection by El Greco for instance applied this style to mean that spirit and not the soul goes to heaven. c. Mangling. The object is presented as cut, lacerated, mutilated or hacked. This is not well-used kind of abstractionism. d. Cubism. Abstractionism that stressed through the use of some geometrical shapes such as cylindrical, triangular, spherical and other forms at the expense of the other pictorial elements as in the works of Pablo Picasso. e. Abstract Expressionism. It is a style of abstract painting that originated in New York City after World War II and gained an international vogue. Strong color, heavy impasto, uneven brush strokes, and rough textures are other typical characteristics. Abstract Expressionism departs completely from subject matter, from studied precision, and from any kind of preconceived design. 3. Symbolism. A symbol is a thing or a single object that stands for another thing. It is the visible sign of something invisible such as idea. A flying dove for instance stands for freedom. In painting, the subject is not visible. A sign or an emblem represents it. The objective is to transcend the ordinary sign reality and assumes new and fresh meaning originating from highly personal and even unique association born in the mind of the artist. examples: parables of Jesus, Juan Lunaââ¬â¢s Spolarium) Symbolism, use of symbols to convey different meanings. Symbols maybe anything: object, words, colors, or patterns; their defining characteristic is that they stand for something other than their intrinsic property. For instance, while there is nothing intrinsically dangerous about the color red, it has become a symbol for danger in a number of societies. Sy mbols are equally potent in todayââ¬â¢s world. For instance, a national flag or anthem, the crucifix, or indeed the color of sports teams can be charged with meaning and emotion. 4. Fauvism. from the French word ââ¬Å"fauvesâ⬠which means wild beast/animals because of use of uncontrolled, non-natural, and exuberant means. It is a kind of style or movement in painting that is characterized by thick pigment. Fauvism is usually used to express a feeling of joy, comfort or pleasure through extremely Gogh bright colors. A fauvist is too much concerned on the brightness of the colors. Van Goghââ¬â¢s Starry Night is an example of Fauvism. Fauvism is a relatively short-lived movement in French painting (from about 1898 to about 1908) that revolutionized the concept of color in modern art. The Fauves rejected the Impressionist palette of soft, shimmering tones in favor of the violent colors used by the Post-Impressionist for expressive emphasis. They achieved a poetic energy through vigorous lines, simplified yet dramatic surface pattern, and intense color. 5. Dadaism. Artistic and literary movement reflecting a widespread nihilistic protest against militarism during and after World War I. The term dada, the French word for the hobbyhorse, is said to have been selected at random from a dictionary by the Romanian-born poet, essayist and editor Tristan Tzara. In their efforts to express the negation of all current aesthetic and social values, the Dadaist frequently used artistic and literary methods that were deliberately incomprehensible. Their theatrical performances and manifestos were often designed to shock or bewilder, with the aim of startling the public into a reconsideration of accepted aesthetic values. To this end, the Dadaist used novel materials, including discarded objects found in the streets, and new methods, such as allowing chance to determine the elements of their works. The German painter and writer Kurt Schwitters was noted for his collages composed of waste papers and similar materials. The French artist Marcel Duchamp exhibited as works of art ordinary commercial products ââ¬â such as a store-bought bottle rack and urinal ââ¬â which he called ready-mades. Although Dadaist employed revolutionary techniques, their revolt against standards was based on a profound belief, stemming from Romantic tradition, in the essential goodness of humanity when corrupted by society. Dadaism as a movement declined in the 1920s, and some of its practitioners became prominent in other modern-art movements, notably Surrealism. 6. Futurism. Early 20th ââ¬â century movement in art that pointedly rejected all traditions and attempted instead to glorify contemporary life, mainly by emphasizing its two dominant themes, the machine and motion. The principles of Futurism were laid down by the Italian poet Flippo Tommaso Marinetti and published by him in a manifesto in 1909. Movies such as Star Wars, Time Machine and others picture out something in the future. The same thing is portrayed in the paintings. It exalts success in technology. Subject includes supersonic trains, jets, modern houses and anything that relates to the importance of modernization. 7. Surrealism. A movement in literature and fine arts, founded by the French poet and critic Andre Breton. Surrealism grows directly out of Dada, an art and literary movement reflecting nihilistic protest against all aspects of Western culture. Like Dadaism, surrealism emphasized the role of the unconscious in creative activity, but it employed the psychic unconscious in a more orderly and more serious manner. Surrealism is a style in presenting art by fantastic or incongruous imagery produced by unnatural combinations. Surreal means intense irrationality or beyond natural. It emphasizes activities of the subconscious mind. In other words, surrealism pictures out images in a form of a dream. Surrealism creates forms and images not by reason but by impulse, blind feeling. It attempts to show what inside manââ¬â¢s mind as well as appearance of the outside world. 8. Expressionism. This was a European method that flourished in the first decade of the twentieth century. In this method, the artist has a freedom to consider his personal style in presenting his subject or expressing his thought or feeling. Types of Painting / Medium of the Visual Arts Throughout the history of art, a variety of supports and tools have been used to create paintings. Here are the characteristics of several types of painting: 1. Water Color. As the word suggests, it is a combination of coloring materials and water. It is the most commonly used medium of painting particularly among school children because it is easy to use and is readily available in stores. 2. Oil. Oil-based paints produce glossy products. It slowly dries. Oil paint consists of ground pigments mixed with linseed oil vehicle and turpentine medium or thinner. Oil painting is slow in drying and allows corrections or working over. Drying can be facilitated with various agents added to the basis mixture. Since its development near the beginning of the 15th century, oil has gained popularity due to the variety of opportunities it gives to the painter. It presents many options for textural manipulation and is durable. 3. Tempera. It is one of the old mediums that persisted through the ages. It was well used before oil was adopted. Its mineral coloring is a mixture of egg yolks and ore. This medium is usually applied to a wooden panel that is made very plain with plaster called gesso. This type of painting was popular for centuries but is rarely used today. In egg tempera, ground pigments are mixed with vehicle of egg yolk and thinned with water. Tempera was the exclusive painting medium of artists during the middle ages. In the 1300ââ¬â¢s, oil paint was invented in Northern Europe which led to the decline of tempera. If applied to a properly prepared surface, tempera is extremely durable. It can possibly attain pure and brilliant colors. Also the consistency and fluidity of the mixture allow great deal of precision. Tempera painting is usually done in a wooden panel that has been made smooth with a plaster coating. The pigment is mixed with egg yolk and dries quickly, thus there is a little blending or fusing of colors. 4. Pastel. This is a stick paste made of powdered pigment. It looks like a crayon and it is applied like a crayon. Although it is readily available and very easy to use, it does not attract the attention of the artists because its finished product is difficult to preserve. Pastel color closely resembles dry pigment. It possesses only surface light and does not give glazed effect. The pigments used in tempera may be used for pastel. The pigment is bound in order to form a crayon which is applied directly to the surface which is usually paper. Painting paper, pasteboard or canvass is used as support for pastel painting. Pastel is a flexible medium which may produce varied effects. However, pastel has not become very popular medium, maybe because no one has yet discovered the way to preserve its original freshness. The chalk tends to rub off and the picture loses some of its brilliance. 5. Fresco. It is taken from the word fresh, the art of painting on fresh plaster. This medium flourished in the 15th and 16th centuries. Michel Angeloââ¬â¢s Sistine chapel and Leonardo da Vinciââ¬â¢s Last Supper are examples of fresco painting. Fresco is the art of painting on plaster. Buon Fresco, or true fresco is applied on damp lime plaster; Fresco Secco is painting on dry plaster. In Buon Fresco, the pigments are mixed only with water and the lime of the plaster wall acts as a binder. As the wall dries, the painted image on it becomes permanent. The fresco secco, the pigments are combined with a vehicle of glue that affixes the color to the dry wall. Fresco painting also poses some problems one of which is the fact that the artist is limited to only what he can finish in one day since the paint must be applied to fresh, damp plaster. For this reason, large fresco paintings are composed of small sections, each has been painted in a day. The sections must be arranged in such a way that the joints will not be obvious, yet sometimes it is not possible to do so. Another problem is that there are some pigments that do not form chemical bonds with lime, thus, making these pigments unsuitable to the medium. Such lime resistance limits the artistââ¬â¢s palette and can make tonal transitions difficult. The Sistine Chapel in Rome is magnificently decorated with paintings by Michael Angelo. The series of frescoes continue to be one of the worldââ¬â¢s greatest achievements in art. 6. Acrylic. It is a paint which adhesive element is acrylic resin. Contemporary artist use it because of its quick drying characteristic. Its good quality is that it preserves the freshness of the art through the years. Acrylic paint is a mixture of pigment and a vehicle that can be thinned with water. Unlike linseed oil, the synthetic resin of the binder dries colorless and does not compromise the brilliance of the colors. Also unlike oil paint, acrylic can be used in various surfaces that do not need special preparations. It is flexible and past drying, and it is water soluble, it requires no flammable substances for use or clean up. Acrylics constitute modern synthetic products and use an acrylic polymer as a binding agent. cindygonzal24http://www.blogger.com/profile/00742844177696111557noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5188382922320862402.post-39869818839515424072020-03-21T17:18:00.001-07:002020-03-21T17:18:03.168-07:00Breakfast Of Champions Essays - Kilgore Trout, Breakfast Of Champions Book Report on Breakfast of Champions By Marcel Burney When one hears the phrase Breakfast of Champions, he envisions a grinning picture of Tiger Woods, Michael Jordan slam dunking, or Dale Earnhardt in a racecar on a box of Wheaties, a popular breakfast cereal. A few avid Saturday Night Live fans might recall a skit performed by James Belushi. In the skit, Belushis Breakfast of Champions was beer, cigarettes, and donuts. Neither of these examples are the subject of Kurt Vonneguts Breakfast of Champions or Good Bye Blue Morning. A Breakfast of Champions is actually a martini. Breakfast of Champions is a work of fiction with semi-autobiographical allusions. The main characters of the book are Kilgore Trout, Dwayne Hoover, and Philboyd Sludge. Kilgore Trout installs aluminum combination storm windows and screens and writes science fiction novels and short stories. He has no ambition to be a famous writer, so he sends his works to pornographic magazine companies to be published. The names and characters of his works are often changed in the process, and he is rarely paid for his efforts. Dwayne Hoover owns a successful Pontiac dealership. He slowly loses his sanity as the plot unfolds. Philboyd Sludge creates these characters and appears in the story to watch the characters as the story progresses. Breakfast of Champions depicts the story of Kilgores travel to Midland City to speak at a festival of arts. Kilgore, at first, rejects the invitation, but he decides to go because he wants to be a representative of all the thousands of artists who devoted their entire lives to a search for truth and beautyand didnt find doodley-squat (37). He intends to hitchhike to Midland City and appear at the arts festival as a nasty old man. Along the way, he is robbed. He continues hitchhiking and is picked up various truckers. He walks to his hotel after being caught in a traffic jam a mile away. Kilgores arrives at the hotel. He prepares to make a grand entrance as a red-eyed, filthy old creature but is thwarted when the desk clerk recognizes him. Kilgore cleans-up and travels down to the cocktail lounge, where he would soon meet Dwayne Hoover. Kilgores luminescent shirt under the ultraviolet lights attracts Hoover to his table. Hoover demands for Kilgore to give him the message. Hoover snatches Now It Can Be Told, one of Kilgores novels, from the table. The book says that there is only one being with free will, everyone else is a robot (253). The book drives Hoover insane. He believes he is the only one with free will. He begins attacking people in the lounge. He bites off Kilgores middle finger. Hoover leaves the hotel and attacks the people he meets outside until he is placed in a mental hospital. After Kilgore leaves the hospital, he meets Philboyd Sludge, who reveals that he is Kilgores creator. Philboyd then frees him. Vonnegut makes several social commentaries throughout the novel. The most noticeable are color and freedom. He describes Christopher Columbus as a white sea pirate who discovers a land already settled by the copper-colored Native Americans (11). The sea pirates created a government which became a beacon of freedom to human beings everywhere else (10). However, the sea pirates created a government that owned slaves, which were black. The system of slavery and oppression of Native Americans totally contradicted the foundation of America. Philboyd freed Kilgore at the end of the novel, which was similar to the emancipation of the slaves. I enjoyed reading Vonneguts Breakfast of Champions. The book provided a fresh insight on society, even though it was written in 1973. I enjoyed the chaos that Kilgore created along his travel to Midland City. His influenced people to rename mirrors to leaks, which implied that mirrors were leaks to other universes. Kilgore also convinced the police department and newspaper to believe that a purely fictional gang, the Pluto Gang, attacked and robbed him. An article was published in the paper, which caused parents to warn their children to watch out for the Pluto Gang. Vonnegut describes society fairly accurately. The book made me look at history and society in a new light. Book Reports cindygonzal24http://www.blogger.com/profile/00742844177696111557noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5188382922320862402.post-3956124384636360992020-03-05T07:45:00.001-08:002020-03-05T07:45:05.036-08:00Mary Wollstonecraft and Mary ShelleyMary Wollstonecraft and Mary Shelley Mary Wollstonecraft was a pioneer in feminist thinking and writing. The author gave birth to Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley in 1797. Wollstonecraft died soon after childbirth due to a fever. How could this have influenced Shelleyââ¬â¢s writings? Although her mother did not live long enough to influence Shelley directly, it is clear that the Wollstonecraft and the ideas of the Romantic era greatly shaped Shelleyââ¬â¢s beliefs. The Life of Mary Wollstonecraft Wollstonecraft was strongly influenced by Thomas Paine and argued that women deserved equal rights. She saw how her own father treated her mother as property and refused to allow the same future for herself. When she became old enough, she earned a living as a governess but was bored with this work. She wanted to challenge her high intellect. When she was 28, she wrote a semi-autobiographical novel titled Maria. She soon moved to London and became an admired professional writer and editor who wrote about the rights of women and children. In 1790, Wollstonecraft wrote her essay A Vindication of the Rights of Men based on her reaction to the French Revolution. This essay influenced her famous feminist social study A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, which she wrote two years later. The work continues to be read in literature and Womens studies classes today. Wollstonecraft experienced two romantic affairs and gave birth to Fanny before falling in love with William Godwin. By Novemberà 1796, she became pregnant with their only child, Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley. Godwin and she were married in March of the following year. During the summer, she began writing The Wrongs of Women: or Maria. Shelley was born on August 30 and Wollstonecraft died less than two weeks later. Godwin raised both Fanny and Mary surrounded by philosophers and poets, such as Coleridge and Lamb. He also taught Mary to read and spell her name by having her trace her mothers inscription on the stone. Mary Shelley and Frankenstein With much of the independent spirit that drove her mother, Mary left home when she was 16 to live with her lover, Percy Shelley, who was unhappily married at the time. Society and even her father treated her as an outcast. This rejection influenced her writings greatly. Along with the suicides of Percys estranged wife and then Marys half-sister Fanny, her alienated status inspired her to write her greatest work, Frankenstein. Frankenstein is often referenced as the start of Science Fiction. Legendà claims that Shelley wrote the whole book in one night as part of a competition between herself, Percy Shelley, Lord Byron and John Polidori. The aim was to see who could write the best horror story. While Shelleys tale isnt usually classified as a horror it did spawn a new genre mixing moral questions with science. cindygonzal24http://www.blogger.com/profile/00742844177696111557noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5188382922320862402.post-56630370363619348392020-02-17T23:11:00.001-08:002020-02-17T23:11:02.890-08:00Gun Control Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 wordsGun Control Law - Essay Example On the other hand, critics of gun control argue that the government has failed to ensure the safety and security of public life and therefore use of guns for self-defense is a human right. In their opinion, nobody can return a life once it is taken by another person. Under such circumstances, the right of a person to protect his life is a natural one and gun control laws would prevent people from executing their natural rights with respect to self-defense. Different politicians have different views about gun control. Obama is taking a cautious approach while dealing with topics related to gun control. In his opinion, ââ¬Å"the Second Amendment protects the right of individuals to bear arms, but he also identifies with the need for crime-ravaged communities to save their children from the violence that plagues our streets through common-sense, effective safety measuresâ⬠(O'Connor). In other words, Obama has neither advocated nor criticized the gun control laws. He respects the right of people to bear arms; at the same time, he expresses his concern about the misuse of guns, especially by children. Obama should make his points clearer. It is difficult for a passenger to travel safely through a river if he keeps his legs in two different boats. Being the president of America, Obama should take a firm stand in favor of gun control rather than playing politics. Obama should realize that banning handguns only would save the lives of thousands of people since gun at, tacks are more severe than all other kinds of attacks. A person who possesses a gun will try to use it whenever he gets agitated by the activities of others. Even for silly things, he may take out his guns and he will realize the consequences of his action only after some days. The confession of Plaxico Burress seems to be relevant here. A week after he walked out of Oneida Correctional Facility in upstate New York has served a 21-month sentence for attempted criminal possession of a weapon, former Giants wide receiver Plaxico Burress said; "I've paid a tremendous price for a bad decision.à cindygonzal24http://www.blogger.com/profile/00742844177696111557noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5188382922320862402.post-62116348931330417482020-02-03T13:55:00.001-08:002020-02-03T13:55:03.232-08:00Investigating Employee Misconduct Research PaperInvestigating Employee Misconduct - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that employee misconduct is a usual occurrence in many organizations. Employers always hope that cases of employee misconduct will not arise, but they are always proactive in setting a compliance committee.à The compliance department takes the critical responsibility for ensuring that all the employees uphold the ethical values defined by the organization. The compliance committee usually receives reports of employee misconduct. After reception of the reports, the committee focuses on investigating the validity of the reported claims. The committee also involves legal investigators, who bring their professionalism, ensuring that the misconduct claims receive the attention they deserve. Usually, failure to investigate employee misconduct may reflect negatively on the public image of the organization. Therefore, organizations have to conform to the existing legal frameworks while conducting investigations of employee misconduct. Employee m isconduct denotes several acts that contravene the ethical and legal laws that define an organization. Some of the misconducts include: Disclosure of information to the wrong party Misappropriation of assets and resources Unauthorized use of personnel and resources Forging of documents Alteration, mutilation, and concealment of documents Authorization or reception of payment for goods not received Disclosure of information to the wrong party Intentional misstatements Accepting or seeking additional benefits from contractors, vendors, and partners Failure to report misconduct Fraud Different forms of corruption cindygonzal24http://www.blogger.com/profile/00742844177696111557noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5188382922320862402.post-55277705839974104842020-01-26T10:19:00.001-08:002020-01-26T10:19:04.016-08:00Classical Management Theorists And Their Impact Today Commerce EssayClassical Management Theorists And Their Impact Today Commerce Essay Introduction: Organizations are shared units in the course of explicit rationale. The fundamental rudiments of associations have remained similar over a large span of time. More than a few restraints make available the comprehension and the means to be aware of organizations. Nevertheless, it is suitable to come across such a business which is essentially in multi-disciplinary point of view. (Phan, Phillip H (2006) Three standpoints have come out, over the years in consecutive phases, each looking forward to formulate accessible pane on the others. They are the classical approach, three streams stand out: system of government, administrative theory as well as principles of scientific management. It has got to be noted that with the passage of time; the viewpoints have been changed or modified, on the other hand not replaced as such. Each major association brought new awareness, consciousness, apparatus and modus operandi to comprehend the organizations better. Consequently, in the present day we are more affluent than ever before in terms of our information concerning approach to know organizations. (Von Bertalanffy, L (2007) In spite of the whole thing, more consciousness intended computation by means of additional comprehensive variables to recognize the complexities of human organizations. There is, as nevertheless, no general, mutual prevalent hypothesis as such. Organizations being speckled as well as comprehensive in more senses than one, it is intricate, if not of no consequence to be too across-the-board or too precise on the subject of them. Every business is rooted in traditional practical main beliefs. (Phan, Phillip H (2006) nevertheless modern organization theories attempted to adapt them in the beam of experience, changes in expertise and acquaintance on the topic of human activities. (Gordon Marshall (2006) The central arrangement gave approach to not many sort of transference and therefore malformed, to some extent as a minimum, high organizations keen on flat ones, reflecting a shift in prominence from control to consensus based self-discipline. (Locke, E.A (1968) The proportional state o f affairs of instability and uncertainty malformed the traditional mechanistic shape of management systems into untreated ones. (Rudy, Alan P (2005) The constant inappropriateness has been one of a most important modification a few would articulate an authentic example in the theoretical appearance all the way through which the field is disconnects as well as prearranged as a rational power. Balanced change and discontinuity have been reflected by the materialization of original directorial structures and observe which give the impression to indicate a pointed fracture with additional conformist preparation based on the most important attitude of balanced system of government. (Von Bertalanffy, L (2007) Without a doubt, the level as well as strength of rational fermentation and institutional modernization has encouraged a number of observers to suggest that managerial learning can no longer be regarded as an instruction or, not as much of determined, as a sub- regulation bounded by the all-purpose field of social science. (Von Bertalanffy, L (2007) At the other end of the hypothetical range, there are a few people fighting a rearguard action against the proliferation of replacement approaches as well as the sarcastic power which it has exerted on recognized orthodoxies along with the array that they once provided. (Wetzel, David K (2006) conventional association theories contract all the way through the prescribed association as well as perception to expand management capability. (Rudy, Alan P (2005) Background: The period of the 90s might be considered within the proceedings concerning American commerce account the Quality upheaval period. All over organizations are facing with augmented contest, grinding down share in the market, as well as status for undependable products are at present put into practice an armory of techniques imposing quality with the hope to come out conquering in within the global conflict for consumers. (Gulick, L., Urwick, L. (eds) (2007) Quality management is more and more accepted and admired as a planned tool floating to look up the gung-ho competition of American business. (Rudy, Alan P (2005) recent quality management perspectives time and again are opposing to predictable management perform espoused by the fields chronological initiators. These oppositions put forward that an endeavor alarmed throughout value have got to in due course reject executive principles established effectually in due course. (Gordon Marshall (2006) For example the TQM mod el, as uttered by excellence expert W. Edwards Deming, thoroughly discards the conservative use of quantitative objectives seeing that either a basis of encouragement or as a system of routine evaluation. Beneath Demings perceptive, its signifies no fabrication part, no sales objectives, as well as no organizational objective s. (Von Bertalanffy, L (2007) Deming contributions, nevertheless, accomplishment of the attitude is being opposed as an association have recognized and depends upon setting up objectives as the bases for portentous jobs, assess performance, as well as being able to identify an individuals incentive support. (Albrecht, K (2004) In an effort to determine disagreement flanked by these it appear that contrasting approaches, one can discover points of association as well as inconsistency in the viewpoint aligned with conventional supervision theorists, in addition to tips of squaring off where his suggestion has previous state of affairs in conventional administration reflection. (Barkdull, C.W. (2005) Edwin Locke during 1968 convincingly uttered the code of belief of objective surroundings hypothesis an inspirational arrangement resulting from Taylors opinion who has proven himself to be the guru of scientific management. Moreover he surpassed the observance of task executive an extremely structured arrangement of conveying objectives as well as gratifying personnel for accomplishing those goals. (Albrecht, K (2004) Regardless of the fact that Deming harmonizes through Taylors point of view, he recommended that task management is to some extent liable for the superiority troubles within the country. More than a few chronological methodical organization theorists furthermore privileged reimbursement for personnel who attained quantitative objective s. For instance, Henry Gantt modified Taylors compensation system to support workers more than a particular model. (Gortner, H.F., Mahler, J., Nicholson, J.B (2007) Emerson established incentive arrangement also known as Reward Strategy for strengthening persons composition. (Weber, M. (2007) Even though Demings imprecision of goal setting, in collaboration chronological records as well as present-day study sustain results that objectives perk up effectiveness. (Barkdull, C.W. (2005) In the present day, setting-up objectives is well thought-out to be the majority competent inspirational example leading to put up a concrete organization values. The extreme epitome of conventional administration by numbers ought to be eradicating from contemporary practices. (Anderson, C.R (2007) Study on goal setting in addition chains this disputation. At the same time as numerical objectives are placed, concentration, attempt, and force are aimed at quantity make up, eventually the consequence of this instance is that superiority suffers. (Bakke, W.E (2005) Studies specify that when ambitions are predetermined for solitary act aspect, additional dimensions will be sacrificed, as well as a transaction will take place. (Mahler, J., Nicholson (2007) Deming nor other researchers of goal setting were the first ones in recognizing this matter. A while back researchers have documented the quality and quantity presentation skill by probing the affiliation flanked by pace and correctness. Every individual has the aptitude to do business with the velocity for correctness. (Anderson, C.R (2007) A person typing might makeup a quick irregular draft in fewer amount of instants than it would take her to conclude a ready draft on the other hand it would include more mistakes. A biased orator might make an impression his spectators through the speed of his respond or he possibly will take his own time and systematize a rational disagreement. More or less each chore, a person can execute at changeable stages of accurateness based upon the pace of time. As a result, Demings apprehension concerning employees pursuing just quantity objectives comes out to be defensible. Conversely, despite the fact that Deming spotlights only on the disadvantageous pressure of extent principles, goal setting theorists be acquainted with that if in cooperation quantity as well as quality routine are of curiosity, objectives have got to be placed for both proportions. Emerging observed confirmation supports the verdict that in cooperation statistical and excellence in quality can be augmented by conveying double objectives. At the same time there happen to be a point of understanding flanked by goal setting hypothesis as well as Demingism. (Bakke, W.E (2005) Taylors approach: Moreover Taylors approach linked to scientific management is in relation to the perception of setting up of effort to attain effectiveness, consistency, interest and generalization. Scientific management collection was first and foremost alarmed with troubles with the functioning stage and did not put emphasis on decision-making organization and procedure. (Bakke, W.E (2005) Recognizing that the approach to augmented productivity was throughout common trust flanked by association along with staff, Taylor recommended that, to boost this point of belief, Firstly, the compensation of competence development have got to workers, Substantial pressure as well as nervousness ought to get rid of as much as probable, Ability of personnel must subsist and urbanized all the way through teaching, and The conventional boss concept have got to be eradicated (Weber, M. (2007) Webers approach: Weber was social scientist from Germany who observed as the guru of management sciences where the fundamental substance of traditional association hypothesis involving to configuration and administrative expansion and growth of the association. (Weber, M. (2007) Taking this into consideration the association as a part of wide social order, he based the discernment of the prearranged association on the following viewpoint: Arrangement: where the vacancies ought to be approved in a chain of command where there is a distinctive prearranged amount of accountability and power. Specialty: make a distinction on a practical base, as well as then estranged seeing the spot of skill, each having a detached pecking order. Obviousness and constancy: here one needs to operate in relation to a classification of events incorporating official policy and convention. Level-headedness employment: this entails selection of employees ought to be on a neutral basis. (Weber, M. (2007) Social equality: the right authorities must be identified and given designations and not picking people at random. (Rudy, Alan P (2005) Webers hypothesis is unwell on description of dysfunctions such as inflexibility, impersonality, dislocation of aim , and restraint of classification, persistence of oneself as well as empire building, cost of controls, along with nervousness to get better position. Practical management signifies basically the work out of power on the foundation of association. Authority for a sociologist is first and foremost exemplified surrounded by organizations by the procedure of power. (Weber, M. (2007) Weber categorizes organizations according to the temperament of that power: Magnetic capability is the consecrated or outstanding peculiarity of the individual; Traditional influence is the genuine reality a reverence for institution; Impartial legal influence is where a code or set of convention are emphasized The closing is the most important figure of influence presently replacing the basic use of exposed authority with chronological performance. Consistent with Weber balanced lawful power is attained all the way through the majority conversant form of association: system of government. (Weber, M. (2007) He disputes that managers ought to not rule all the way through random individual desire however by an official system of policy. He scheduled the viewpoint which underlies balanced legal power: A formally allowed regulations can be documented which can uphold compliance from members of the association; The regulation is a classification of hypothetical system which are applied to exacting cases; as well as administration looks subsequent to the welfare of the organization surrounded by the restrictions of that law; The individual exercising power in addition comply with this distant order; Simply all the way through being a constituent does the associate obey the law; Agreement is due not to the individual who upholds the power nevertheless to the incompatible order which has arranged him this smudge. (Bakke, W.E (2005) Weber is more often than not than not described as having supposed that system of government is the knowledgeable form of involvement. In actual fact, Weber alleged government to be mainly officially balanced structure of association. Bearing in mind, Weber imagined of administrative system as being more competent than unconventional forms, however it tends to make the office the center of association, also Weber did not contribute to the contemporary commencement of a practical association as being slow, stiff and lacking ability. His most significant dread was to set up ways of behaving which evades the deceit, unfairness and privileged behavior characterizing the mass 19th century associations. (Wetzel, David K (2006) Weber moreover built on this idea, where he outlined the distinctiveness of system of government in its most original shape. He believed that realistic authority would guide to a number of social outlay: An inclination to bring to a level the communal classes by consenting to an extensive variety of workers with technical resources to be in use by any association; (Bakke, W.E (2005) For the cause that of the time necessary to attain the necessary technological preparation; plutocracy should be formed A superior level of social equal opportunity owing to the ascendancy of the force of impersonality or lack of involvement. (Gulick, L., Urwick, L. (eds) (2007) Administrative approach: Fayol was the original guru of administrative theory where he viewed the managerial issues from the higher level. The basics of administrative theory transmit to success of everyday jobs, and include principles of management, the idea of line and staff, committees and tasks of management. Field Specialization: this boosts competence within technological and managerial work. Influence and accountability: it is significant for an organization to associate and attain the objectives and execute the vision and mission Controlling members of the association should respect the goals of the business. They have to furthermore accomplish with the official procedure of the association. Synchronization of power: meaning that taking direction from as well as being accountable to simply single superior. (Gulick, L., Urwick, L. (eds) (2007) Subordination of person interest to universal curiosity: the inquisitiveness of the association should not turn out to be agreeable to persons interests or the significance of a group of workers. (Hicks, G.H., Gullet, C.R (2007) Compensation of staff: is based on varied elements such as the amount of time one spends, tasks assigned, comparative rates, as well as additional benefit, profit-sharing or non-financial rewards. (Hicks, G.H., Gullet, C.R (2007) Centralized organizational administration must make use of a significant amalgamation of correspondingly centralized and de-centralized power and supervisory. (Hicks, G.H., Gullet, C.R (2007) Balanced sequence: If two associates who are on the comparable level of chain of command have got to work jointly to achieve an assignment, they have not to pursue the chain of command level, on the other hand can interconnect with one another on a mob lath if satisfactory to the superior representatives. Order: The association has a position for each and every person with a rationale who has to be so occupied. (Hicks, G.H., Gullet, C.R (2007) Impartiality justice, righteousness and fairness ought to thrive in the association. Constancy of term of workers: Job safety proceeds to personal arrangement and goals, where a person who is working in the organization needs a little time to get used to and adjust with the work and show results. Project initiation: This should be expectant and stirred.(Tosi, Carroll (2007) The awareness of workers: The perception of line as well as staff is pertinent in businesses which are large and necessitate interest of ability to reach organizational objectives. Line workers are the ones working unwaveringly to gain organizational objectives, whereas the staff comprises of those essentially function is to sustain and assist line personnel. (Tosi, H.L., Rizzo, J.R., Carroll, S (2007) Board: Board is a fraction of the association, where associates from the similar or dissimilar hierarchical levels from different departments can outline board member around a general objective . Moreover they can be assigned divergent jobs, for example executive, supervisory or suggestion . These committee members can be in various forms, for instance directors, task collections or unplanned committees. Such groups are furthermore separated in proportion to their role within the organization. Taking an example of an agricultural association these groups are made after a thorough study where they evaluate the candidates and allocate according to the land for implementation. (Tosi, H.L., Rizzo, J.R., Carroll, S (2007) Fayols management function: He alleged organization as a set of setting up, systematize, as well as schooling, commanding and coordinating functions. Management functions are also measured keeping in mind planning, organizing, hiring, assigning, coordinating, reporting as well as budgeting. (Tosi, H.L., Rizzo, J.R., Carroll, S (2007) Effects of Classical Management Theorists at present: as we are familiar with it today, management exists in all forms of association beginning from classified to communal and also non-profit. All the way through the years the dimension and intricacy of all types of organizations have developed, and consequently a distinct and specialized approach to the method of management has grown to be inexorableness. For example every management is a procedure or kind of task involving direction or course of people aligned with organization and the objectives. (Hicks, G.H., Gullet, C.R (2007) These theories in which this direction and guidance are achieved are several, on the other hand the groundwork stones to contemporary day hypothesis as well as management all together were laid in the times flanked by century turn as well as the great depression during the 1900 to the 1920s. Seeing that this period administrative perception has been identified as the old school of thought. The creators of this theory remained attentive on competence, together with the sector of managerial, routine along with technological supervision. Managerial organization draws attention to the flow of information within an association. Practical management relies on a rational set of structuring guiding principle; system and actions, pecking order, as well as apparent divisions of employment. On the other hand scientific management pays attention to one of the best possible way to do a job. (Tosi, Carroll, S (2007) The executive values of the traditional theorists were practical to supervisors as diminutive; owner-manager dealing developed into big companies and corporations by means of the development of the developed world. Today is a very diverse one to that of the previous era during the century of two major wars, a nuclear confrontation as well as rapid improvement in expertise. This statement is not convincing for a lot of corporations in the contemporary world. Also, it was recommended that every division of the association have a manifestly definite specialist and that the management should be neutral and impersonal, leading to all employees being treated evenly. The management functions were divided into five aspects that were the basis of management thoughts converted to actions, where Taylor pointed out that when at the factory management issues were raised, they were in need of innovative ways to manage those situations and challenges raised by the Industrial revolution authorities. Strength employees: Every organization needs to bear in mind that in order to execute timely and effectively they must have a below average turnover rate as well as long lasting dedication are essential for an experienced organization. Traditional philosophies of management developed throughout the beginning stage of the concluding century. (Hellriegel, D., Slocum J.W., Jr (2007) Dependence on familiarity: The old school of management, urbanized their perceptions and experiences as todays managers and executives with a typical organizational platform, where Taylor and Fayol contributed primarily from their knowledge through large developed organizations having steady surroundings. It might be foolish to generalize from those circumstances in particular to juvenile, high-technology firms of in the present day that are challenged on a day to day basis with hurdles. (Hellriegel, D., Slocum J.W., Jr (2007) Malfunction to mull over the relaxed association: stressing upon formal associations within the association, traditional approaches be apt to shell out no attention to casual dealings as distinguished through communal swapping among personnel, the materialization of team leaders distant from those particular by the official association, and so on. When such effects are not well thought-out, it is probable that a lot of significant aspects having an effect on contentment and act, such as allowing workers to participate in administrative and task development, will on no account be discovered or try. (Probst, Tahira M (2005) Unintentional cost: traditional theories aspire to achieving high effectiveness, at making conduct conventional, as well as achieving equality among workers and flanked by managers and workers; however they fail to be acquainted with that more than a few not deliberate charges can come about handy. For example, a serious importance on policy and rules might source employees to do as you are told rules blindly with no identification of their original purpose. Time and again, in view of the feature that regulations set up a least level of performance projected of workers, a bare minimum stage is all they bring about. Conceivably a lot more might be achieved if the policy were not so clear. (Woodward, J (2007) Individual mechanism: traditional hypothesis abscond the initiative that the association is an appliance whereas all the workers are just parts to be en suite into the instrument to make it run competently. As a result, a lot of the doctrines are alarmed initially through the making the organization efficient, through the hypothesis that personnel will be conventional to the work surroundings if the monetary enticements are satisfying. (Probst, Tahira M (2005) Seeing as more than a few of these condemnations of the typical school are inconsiderate, more than a few measures are to be made in resistance of authors all the way through this age. First, the labor force was not extremely sophisticated or skilled to execute a lot of jobs that subsist at the time. Also it was not a regular thing for employees to contemplate the word profession and individual growth. To a certain extent, the chance to grasp a safe job along with a stage of wages to create easy to get to for their family unit was all they need from the work situation. Succeeding, much of the text was written at the time where intellect was pacing all the through transformation and changed, in particular towards the area of industrialization. To end with, very little had been done beforehand in terms of creating a reasonable and practical body of management hypothesis, where more than a few traditional theorists wrote starting from nothing, being thankful primarily to be dependent on their individual understanding and clarification. As a result their focal point is rationally contracted. (Taylor, F.W (2007) Conclusion: In my view, classical theorists have viewed an organization as a congested system. A closed arrangement is one that has no surroundings and for this reasons no communication with outside world. However, this close system assumption regarding the organization is unrealistic. Accordingly the model fails to reflect on many of the environmental influences upon the organization as well as many significant internal aspects. Simplifying assumptions have been made in order to reduce hesitation, a process which often leads to an unfinished view of actual organizational situations. (Taylor, F.W (2007) Conventional theory takes an unbending and motionless view of the organization, even though it is a self-motivated occurrence which suggests that organizational patterns dare determined through constant adjustments. The adjustments are necessary keeping in view the requirements of organizational environment and its different internal parts. Therefore, the finest organizational prototype is one which meets its external and internal requirements, and these requirements are vigorous, ever-changing. A major denigration of the classical theory concerns with its impractical supposition regarding human behavior. Classical theorists lack sensitivity to the behavioral dimensions of an organization and make over-simplified and mechanistic assumptions for the smooth running of organizations, ignoring the extreme complexity of human behavior. They take human beings in the organization as an inert instrument performing the tasks assigned to them. Further, there is a tendency to view personnel as given rather than as a changeable in the organization. As a result, they have ignored the socio-psychological as well as motivational aspects of human behavior. For that reason the treatment of human beings in the organization on the pattern of classical assumptions may lead to aggravation, disagreement, and collapse. (Woodward, J (2007) The wide-ranging traditional notions as well as most important viewpoint written by practitioners in organization are based just in the lead of individual understanding and imperfect examination. The main beliefs have not positioned the remaining of thorough experiential study by means of technical means. In addition, it is not understandable that if the values are for action commendation, or characterization. Seeing that from exacting standpoint it turns out to be essential to classify a number of self-sufficient stipulations of what in real fact an association is, therefore that the values do not turn out to be on the whole a part of the explanation of an association. In view of the fact that, it was not done with any constancy, these main beliefs turn out to be empirically empty-headed. Possibly, the mainly vital malfunction of organizational administration hypothesis is that it does not match with observance. The hypothesis is apt to disband when go through a test structure. As a result not even a single attitude is appropriate to each and every managerial circumstance as well as every now and then one contradicts each other. (Taylor, F.W (2007) Traditional theorists, above all managerial theorists, have recommended that an assortment of main beliefs of organization have widespread submission. This suggests that the similar ideology can be practical within for example diverse association, organization intensity of the matching organization, and/or purpose of that particular organization. Pragmatic study, nevertheless, recommend that there is not even a distinct opinion which is appropriate in all these state of affairs. Additionally a lot of the ideologies are within paradoxical point. For example, standard of specialization is often in clash amid the principle of unity of control. Accordingly, subsequent to the basic standard main beliefs the most important support of traditional conjecture have been inquired or they are not appropriate or related lacking a lot of remuneration: Hierarchical construction is the fundamental basis of power associations within any organizations, where it signified the conformity of people individuals relationships in an organization. However a big concern stuck between the organization chain of command is based upon the arrangement within the association and the mounting significance of technical development. (Taylor, F.W (2007) The traditional approach to the extent of organization deals with oversimplification exemplifying comprehensive of the junior staff member for a valuable period. The hypothesis suggests a slender span of group as well as stipulates a detailed number of subordinates under the direct supervision of one manger. On the other hand, the operational loom put forward that this is not so and a wider span of management is far superior for decision-making implementation. (Woodward, J (2007) The principle of scalar-functional put forward that the control liken the ability of people in point of fact performing managerial roles. This supposition of traditional hypothesis does not hold superiority for the reason that in actual practice capability may exceed power. As a result these situation need adjustment flanked by work and persons. Neo-classists are familiar with two deficit of this set, where initially it is not probable to increase a genuine feel of person aptitude subsequently that an ample contest can be made flanked by persons ability and lines of managerial career prospect. Secondly harmonizing of the capability and influence is additionally customized by the untailored relations. Consequently what is prearranged as a balance within the logic of bureaucrat organization might not be factual. (Woodward, J (2007) cindygonzal24http://www.blogger.com/profile/00742844177696111557noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5188382922320862402.post-47222741779277539762020-01-18T06:43:00.001-08:002020-01-18T06:43:02.909-08:00Sam SheppardSam Sheppard trials On July 4, 1954, the wife of a handsome young doctor, Sam Sheppard, was brutally murdered in the bedroom of their home in Bay Village, Ohio, on the shore of Lake Erie. Sheppard denied any involvement in the murder and described his own battle with the killer he described as ââ¬Å"bushy-haired. â⬠Starting on the day of the murder, the media began to attack Sheppard on any occasion they could. Stories were obtained in unethical, and nearly unlawful ways. Even though they were permitted to do so by the courts, going into Sheppard's house and looking through his belongings was not the most ethical practice.Also, though the courts also allowed them to witness the testimony of Sheppard about his wife's death, they really shouldn't have agreed. Stories were written in an unscrupulous manner. The ââ¬Å"trial before the trialâ⬠was a meeting between the coroner, Samuel Gerber, and Sheppard, in which Gerber fired questions at Sheppard in front of the entire com munity ââ¬â without Sheppardââ¬â¢s lawyer present. The media was allowed to sit in on this hearing and wrote stories about Sheppard being unfairly given too much leeway as a murder suspect (law2).Finally, the amount of stories written about the trial and murder was higher than had been printed in Cleveland about a single murder. Cleveland newspapers printed stories almost every single day for the duration of the situation. Most of these were speculation only, however, or editorials that were run on the front page and believed to be actual articles. Because of the way these stories were run, the jury and most of Cleveland believed that Sheppard was, in fact, guilty (384 U. S. 333, 363). The stories written through the duration of the murder case were one of the main things that were detrimental to Sheppardââ¬â¢s case.The juryââ¬â¢s view of Sheppard was adversely affected by the news stories such as the most famous one of all: ââ¬Å"Somebody Is Getting Away With Murderâ ⬠. They printed biased stories that the jury members were allowed to read, which gave them a negative view of Sheppard even before he testified. News articles run by local papers also distorted the evidence in the case. An important piece of information that was published dealt with the blood evidence. Dr. Mohammed Tahir, a renowned forensic scientist in Indianapolis, will compare DNA from the samples with a blood stain recovered from a closet door of the Sheppard edroom. Tahir will use a process known as DNA amplification, often used to study decomposed samples. Sir Alec Jeffreys, the British forensic scientist who invented DNA fingerprinting in the mid-1980s, describes the procedure as ââ¬Å"taking a small amount of material and making copies and recopies in a test tube until you've got enough to type. â⬠Out of four blood samples tested, all have matched Eberling's. ââ¬Å"It gets very complicated scientifically, but essentially we have a match on the porch of Eberling, which cuts down to 0. 5 percent, or even less, that it could be anybody else,â⬠he said (Affleck, A3).One of the detectives investigating the case was quoted by a newspaper stating that ââ¬Å"scientific tests at the Sheppard home have definitely established that the killer washed off a trail of blood from the murder bedroom to the downstairs sectionâ⬠. This led the public to believe that Sheppard was lying during his testimony, and believe it, they did. However, over ten years later, the Supreme Court ruled that Sheppardââ¬â¢s trial had been unfair due to the Fourteenth Amendment ââ¬â that everyone shall have the right to a fair trial with an impartial jury.This, of course, was something that Sheppard had not gotten, due to the media. The court saw that, and believed it was true. So, because of the mediaââ¬â¢s influence over the jury before and during the trial, Sheppard was released from prison. Sam Sheppard was attacked by the mediaââ¬â¢s unethical practic es so much during his trial that journalism had set new boundaries to limit the power of the press following the final verdict. Because of the way that the media went about getting stories for their papers and the way stories were written, Sheppard was released from prison.Journalism then set up new boundaries to assure that every person accused of a crime got a fair and just trial. Even though he set precedent for new practices that the media still follows, it is a shame that it took something as horrific as his wifeââ¬â¢s murder to allow the media to see just how much power they had over justice. Work cited Affleck, John. ââ¬Å"Doctors Exhume Sam Sheppard's Body as Son Seeks to Clear Fathers Nameâ⬠. Associated Press. 18 September 1997: A3. . Sheppard v. Maxwell, 384 U. S. 333 (United States Supreme Court 1966). http://law2. umkc. edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/sheppard/Sheppard. htm cindygonzal24http://www.blogger.com/profile/00742844177696111557noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5188382922320862402.post-43686887579505840712020-01-10T03:06:00.001-08:002020-01-10T03:06:02.753-08:00Apa Format Essay Samples - What Is It? Apa Format Essay Samples - What Is It? If You Read Nothing Else Today, Read This Report on Apa Format Essay Samples The introduction ought to be explicit and clear. Thus, your introduction needs to be clear and precise. The coming of the study comprises the overview to the study. For instance, the introduction and the conclusion is going to be provided to you. Writing the essay is nearly always an intimidating undertaking. Persuasion is in the middle of a thriving essay. For some, essay writing may be stressful endeavor, but that should not possibly be the situation. You may hire us for all kinds of essays. As soon as you finish writing your essay, you must incorporate a reference section. The conventional essay consists of many components. As stated earlier here are a few sample outlines for research papers. To assist you kick-start your writing endeavors, you can pick from the samples and templates below to be able to spark off some inspiration and emotions. The absolute most valuable attitude of discovering the proper service to find research paper from, understands that the firm will promise the very good work, and with absolutely free revisions. Part of the evaluation procedure is the quality of your writing, which will give them a notion of your level of expertise. You could also see speech outline. Now you have to make sure to create your other headings and sub-headings have verbs inside them. Introduction has to be written first ut ilize verbs mostly avoid being passive. The introduction is the initial paragraph of the most important body of your paper. Introducing Apa Format Essay Samples Though Times New Roman is the advised font, you may use different fonts if you're instructed to. There are some who are accustomed to use another sort of writing style and format, therefore they might not know about it in detail. Don't forget, any source employed in your essay has to be included in your reference section. Each source is an individual entry divisible into a distinct paragraph. The header ought to be put in the top left side of the webpage. Formatting your essay is just a matter of plugging the ideal information into the perfect locations. All your headings have to be equal in significance or importance of one another. The results section determines the results of the research. On the flip side, it ought not be so broad that some resources would outweigh the info you could squeeze into one paper. Each subsequent page should finally have the right header. Much like in books advertised online, only certain parts of the paper is going to be exposed. You could also see book outline. You could also see presentation outline. Making an APA outline is the very first point to do in developing a structure on what's going to be written in the paper and the way it's written. Mostly your apa research paper outline needs to be composed of four essential segments. The Do's and Don'ts of Apa Format Essay Samples Opportunely, APA format has the exact same requirement. APA papers are often broken into sections. Prior to starting writing your research paper, you should get familiar with the fundamentals and basics of APA format, so you find it possible to make the APA format template seamlessly by yourself . While writing an APA paper may seem to be a confusing or difficult undertaking, it's not really that tough. If you are in doubt about any portion of the requirements, you need to consult the APA Style Guide published for public use on the web. When you are requested to present a testimony or Business Meeting Agenda Template research paper in a particular format, it is imperative to stick to all guidelines. APA style was initially developed in the calendar year 1929. cindygonzal24http://www.blogger.com/profile/00742844177696111557noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5188382922320862402.post-73005514164870357542020-01-01T23:31:00.001-08:002020-01-01T23:31:03.093-08:00Theoretical Views Essay - 1698 Words Psychology is now and always has been a strongly debated science. Beginning from the time psychology first became separated from the philosophy and biology sciences, there has been controversy. The subject, most debated, was the explanation and description of human behavior as well as the human mind. It was the schools of thought in psychology that allowed for the major names in psychology that we study and read about on what seems to be a daily basis that put theoretical opinions and differences out in the open for everyone to study and perhaps formulate their own studies and/or opinions alike. There are major names in history of psychology such as; Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, Carl Jung, and William James. Each psychologistââ¬â¢s mentionedâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦If an individual believed they were inferior to others then they become exactly as they believed. Either way each person has their own perspective and beliefs behind psychology, is there a perspective that you be lieve in? Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud, the father of psychoanalysis, studied medicine and became a doctor, however; his interests were primarily focused on research. He is the product of intelligent influences from many important philosophers such as; Ernst Brucke, Charles Darwin and Joseph Breuer, who he met in medical school after some studies together mostly on Anna O., coauthored Studies on Hysteria (Goodwin, 2008). One of the most noted and controversial theoryââ¬â¢s from Freud was possibly his psychosexual theory. The psychosexual theory is broken down in stages of development; oral, anal, phallic, latency, and, genital. Freud theorized that each child goes through periods of childhood where each part of their body is reflected by erotic stimulation according to his or her erogenous zones, mouth, anus, and genital areas. Freud suggested if these stages were interrupted or dysfunctional it would consequently affect the child and they would have issue lingering into their adulthood. (Stevenson, 2001) . Another theory of that Freud researched was the Id, ego, and superego. This idea was also a development theory which would advance itself in different stages. The id stage began at birth, it would be considered the need stage. An individual may notShow MoreRelatedThe Theoretical Approaches Of Sociology View Crime And Deviance1110 Words à |à 5 Pagesthe major differences in how the three theoretical approaches of Sociology view crime and deviance. Give examples of specific theories. The functionalist view in relation to deviance is a belief that anyone can be convicted of a crime. Everyone is treated equal in the eyes of law. For example, a celebrity and a homeless man could both be convicted for the same crime. Both would be tried the same, with equal consequences. The Social conflict view is a view in which the elites make the laws. 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Christian educators are learning that the curriculum must be Bible integrated in theory and practice. By this the Bible is to provide more than theoretical guidance and generalization. It is to be a vital part of the content of the curriculum and integrated with all subject matter. Christian philosophy seeks to answer the questions of what is real, what is the truth, what should be believed, is thereRead MoreValues, Culture And Worldviews Should Matter At Public Relations1837 Words à |à 8 Pages According to our own personal experiences we view the world in a different way, not everyone is the same and everyone is unique in their own way. Values, culture and worldviews are some of the most important features that differentiate one f rom another whether be through a business aspect, a primary or secondary socialization aspect (where we learn from our parents and what we are taught by institutions on what is the correct way to live) or even through cultural and social norms. The aim ofRead MoreExamine the view that theoretical issues are the most important factor influencing sociologistââ¬â¢s choice of research methods.827 Words à |à 4 PagesExamine the view that theoretical issues are the most important factor influencing sociologistââ¬â¢s choice of research methods. Many sociologists argue that theoretical issues are the most important factors to affect choice of method. Theoretical issues refer to what we think society is like and if we can obtain an accurate and truthful picture of it. There are four different concerns regarding theoretical issues which influence sociologistââ¬â¢s choice of research methods. Validity is a method that givesRead MoreResource Based View1663 Words à |à 7 PagesAssignment The purpose of this abstract is to summarize and evaluate the paper ââ¬Å¾Is the resource-based ââ¬Å"viewâ⬠a useful perspective for strategic management research ââ¬Å" written by RICHARD L. PRIEM and JOHN E. BUTLER. I. Summarization The authors try to clarify the fundamental theoretical statements of the resource based view (RBV) and specify its fundamental contributions to knowledge. PRIEM and BUTLER try to answer two basic questions: 1. Is the foundational and unembellished RBV actually aRead MoreHow Zara Generates Sustainable Competitive Advantage1680 Words à |à 7 PagesDrawing on the Resource Based View literature, evaluate whether and how Zara generates sustainable competitive advantage Introduction The Resource-Based View, is a model that sees resources a key to superior firm performance. Resources include all assets, capabilities, organizational processes, firm attributes, information, knowledge and other major elements controlled by a firmââ¬â¢ (Barney, J, 1991). Theoretical Models- (Heterogeneity and First-Mover Advantage) A model identified is that of the ââ¬Ëfirst-mover cindygonzal24http://www.blogger.com/profile/00742844177696111557noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5188382922320862402.post-58687642996337355332019-12-24T19:16:00.001-08:002019-12-24T19:16:02.948-08:00School Uniforms Essay - 686 Words School uniforms should definitely be used in school systems. Uniforms are both good for schools as well as for the students. Wearing uniforms will help build a sense of unity within the school. Instead of everyone as a separate team, everyone will be in the same team. Wearing uniforms will help free students of the stress of what to wear in the morning. Wearing school uniforms will help improve student individuality and improve their self-esteem. First, wearing matching uniforms can make students feel equal. Poor students would no longer feel excluded because they are not wearing name brand clothes like the richer kids. Kids sometime tease each other because of the brand of clothes that they wear. Not all childrenââ¬â¢s parents areâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Social status will also be less of an issue because everyone would be wearing the same clothing. Uniforms will improve studentsââ¬â¢ individuality because they will have to express themselves through their person ality and attitude, rather than through a brand name pair of jeans or an expensive pair of tennis shoes. Wearing uniforms will allow the teachers to form a better perception of a student based on how they act not by how they dressed. Students social standing would be based more on individual character. Wearing uniforms will help improve a studentââ¬â¢s self-esteem because they will not feel pressured to dress a certain way. Students feel pressured by other students when they canââ¬â¢t dress like they dress. If all students are dressed the same, everyone will feel equal. Second, wearing uniforms will allow more time for studying. Students will be more focused on their school work and homework. Wearing uniforms will allow kids more time to do their homework, because they will not be focused on trying to find the hottest outfit to wear to school the next day. Students spend too much time trying to put together the perfect outfit for school. Wearing uniforms will allow k ids the opportunity to understand what is more important and that is the school work as well as the homework. If students would put the same dedicated time into their school or homework that they put into trying to find the hottestShow MoreRelatedSchool Uniforms And Schools Uniforms1211 Words à |à 5 PagesSchool uniforms began their revolution in private schools; they represented a unique appearance, and provided a safe environment for the students attending. Private and Catholic schools were clever enough for implementing school uniforms, because without their influence public schools would have not adapted on creating a dress code for students. By introducing school uniforms in school policies they have managed to impact students learning environment in reducing stress, changing studentsââ¬â¢ behaviorRead MoreUniforms in School726 Words à |à 3 PagesThe standard issue school uniform of khaki, navy and white once exclusive to the private parochial institutions is becoming a common requirement in public schools across the nation. This trend that was first suggested for public schools in 1980 by then D. C. mayor, Marion Barry, to help diminish the social stigma of low income students has grown significantly in both numbers and reasons (Lawrence, 2013). In 2010, it was reported by the National Center for Education Statistics, that nearly 19% ofRead MoreSchools and Uniforms733 Words à |à 3 PagesSchool Uniforms Uniforms in schools are a big debate around the world. Should we have uniforms in schools? The answer is yes because uniform help the schools. They bring to table a great deal of help because students are getting bullied, killed, and some may not have as much as other when shopping for clothes. Having uniforms bring safety to schools and what goes on after school. Why do we need uniforms? Most student have their own style, but a common argument against school uniforms is thatRead MoreSchool Uniform And School Uniforms937 Words à |à 4 PagesSchool Uniform School uniforms keep students focused on their education not in their clothings. When all students are wearing the same outfit, they are less concerned about how they look and how they fit in with their peers. Itââ¬â¢s easier for parent and students do not spend time choosing appropriate outfit for school day. It helps students can only concentrate on their schoolwork. Education is one of the big institutions for every kid that go to school. Also education is the roots that will help peopleRead MoreSchool Uniforms And Schools Uniforms819 Words à |à 4 Pagesas school uniforms, many are quick to deem them as unjust and avoidable. What these individuals do not know is that, in fact, school uniforms would enhance how the learning environment functions. Surely, when schools provide their students with uniforms, they are not providing their students with dreadful apparel, they are providing their students with an opportunity to change; whether it be a chance for a student to change t heir role academically, or a chance for a student to fit in. School uniformsRead MoreSchool Uniforms1143 Words à |à 5 PagesSchool uniforms make things more complicated Firstly, school is the place where all of us step in at a very tender age. In one word, life begins at school. Itââ¬â¢s not just education but school gives us the platform to nurture our faith, emotions in such an early stage of life. The importance of making friends, working as a team- we learn all these in school. And wearing the same dress definitely brings a sense of unity among students. In every school there are students from different backgrounds butRead MoreSchool Uniforms: Yes or No?2109 Words à |à 9 Pages3 March 2011 School Uniforms: A Non-Military Proposal for Swedens Students The word school uniform has negative connotations for many people. It makes them think of war, of soldier, of death, brainwashed airheads doing exactly the same as everybody else. It makes them think of reformed, collectivized groups of people with no personal identity. There are, however, reasons for the existence of the uniform; one of them being, as the name suggests, the purpose of uniting. At schools all around theRead MoreDress Codes And School Uniforms1248 Words à |à 5 Pagesembarrassing than being dress coded at school? Enforcing a dress code among children is unfair because it not only discriminates against people but it destroys someoneââ¬â¢s whole day. Dress codes and school uniforms are meant to increase student achievement and make everyone equal but instead it only hurts people. Most school dress codes are unnecessary and are sexist. Enforcing dress codes is suppose to boost student achievement but instead is racist, sexist and unnecessary. Schools should take in to considerationRead MoreShould School Uniforms For Wear Uniforms?969 Words à |à 4 Pagesrequired to wear uniforms? In todayââ¬â¢s society this is a very controversial subject across America. Many object uniforms because they feel uniforms don t allow students to have the freedom to express themselves the way they want. People feel uniforms undermine children s individuality. However, taking into consideration facts from both sides, what remains most important is the child s academics. To improve academics, schools should require all students to wear a uniform. Though uniforms may not be theRead MoreAre School Uniforms Beneficial Or Not?1098 Words à |à 5 PagesAre School Uniforms Beneficial or Not? How does dressing and feeling the same as everybody else sound? Would it be enjoyable, or would it be no fun? According to Procon.org, the first recorded use of school uniforms in the United States was in 1994. In Europe around the early sixteenth century, school uniforms were made to tell the difference between poor students to the charity schools as opposed to other children. In London people thought that schools without uniforms were to be looked at as lower cindygonzal24http://www.blogger.com/profile/00742844177696111557noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5188382922320862402.post-14331034466609874652019-12-16T15:46:00.001-08:002019-12-16T15:46:03.996-08:00Advancement Opportunities of Professional Nursing Free Essays At a time of the global economic recession, the healthcare professions, including nursing are experiencing an unprecedented upsurge in enrollment. The competition for the most lucrative of nursing positions are on the horizon, not only from US-trained professionals, but from foreign-educated nurses as well ââ¬â the foreign nursing experts from the Philippines, India, Pakistan, among others. There are two tracks which a professional nurse may pursue in relation with his work ââ¬â the clinical and management tracks. We will write a custom essay sample on Advancement Opportunities of Professional Nursing or any similar topic only for you Order Now The former is involved in pain management, beside care and assisting the physicians in surgical operations. The latter is involved in the day-to-day administration of hospitals and clinics, assisting management in the way these medical institutions are being run. The management track is involved in ensuring full efficiency in the deployment of nurses to the different departments of the hospital, and in providing contingency support in the event of a lack in human resources in a department. On the other hand, there are many ways by which nurses may advance themselves in their profession. At present, one of the more lucrative specializations in the nursing profession is being a nurse-anesthetist. He is involved in the general pain management of patients, under the direction and supervision of the physician-anesthesiologist. Being a nurse-anesthetist involves greater care and discretion in handling patients compared to regular non-specialized nurses, because it entails the administration of potentially-fatal anesthetic drugs. Meanwhile, nurses uninterested in greater pay can opt to involve themselves in international nursing work, as part of the staff of international medical organizations such as the Medicins Sans Frontieres (Doctors Without Borders), a most recognized international organization of doctors and nurses deployed in the most depressed areas of the world. Another field that may be pursued can be that of being a nurse-lecturer in a nursing school, especially now when there is great demand for highly-trained nurses to fill the positions of old nurses about to retire. For my part, I would pursue the clinical track of the nursing profession, because I believe that it would continue honing my bedside skills further and it would provides a sense of greater fulfillment in view of the fact that I shall continue being in constant interaction with patients whom I serve to the best of my abilities. References: Work in the Field. Doctors Without Borders. Retrieved from à à à à à à à à à à à http://doctorswithoutborders.org/work/field/ on April 8, 2009. American Association of Nurse Anesthetists. Education of Nurse Anesthetists in the United à à à States ââ¬â At a Glance. 2005. Retrieved May 23, 2007, from http://www.aana.com/educuscrnas.aspx How to cite Advancement Opportunities of Professional Nursing, Papers cindygonzal24http://www.blogger.com/profile/00742844177696111557noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5188382922320862402.post-64579311262092918862019-12-08T12:30:00.001-08:002019-12-08T12:30:05.491-08:00Pro Choice Among Women Essay Example For Students Pro Choice Among Women Essay Word Count: 1709 An onlookers view of Pro Choice amongst women Many clinics provide abortion services for women with unplanned or uncontrollable pregnancies. Some women find themselves with an unplanned pregnancy rather than an uncontrollable one. Unplanned in fact that a contraceptive failed, or may not have been easily accessible: uncontrolled in the sense of factors being greater than limited contraception. Abortion has been performed in many clinics as a treatment for unfit or unhealthy women, and for women who may have been molested or raped. Abortion shouldnt be used as a form of contraception, nor should womens lives be sacrificed to bear an infant before morally ready to commit. If a woman is raped, and the outcome incurs pregnancy, then abortion is an alternate form of controlling the unwanted pregnancy. Abortion should stand as only the womans choice, never as a decision adverse to Pro-Life activists. Pro-Choice advocates seem to vindicate abortion, accepting that abortion is not considered a form of birth control, but merely a method of controlling the woman and fetus future. Women are the sole determinate persons in stating if they are capable of withholding a full term pregnancy. As an advocate of womens rights to Pro choice, I am extending my viewpoints to you in this proposition. Many people have their opinions on abortion, usually being one extreme or the other. Advocates or Pro choice often finds themselves swaying their opinions of when abortion is morally ethical dependent upon the controlling factors. Advocates of Pro Life are consistently perusing abortion, stating that it is morally wrong, and unethical in all matters, even if the pregnancy is inadvertent. There are factors remaining in todays society that are very forthcoming and are unanticipated by women in the prevention of pregnancy. If medical doctors abolished the procedure, or if the government made it even more difficult to obtain an abortion, we wouldnt be supporting the righteousness of many women in the U.S. today. If contraception, in all forms, were 100% effective, then abortion could be abolished. Until medical research and testing finds a foolproof contraceptive, abortion is morally permissible because of obvious factors that are uncontrollable. For those whom agree that abortion is an ethical procedure, there are some instances where it is morally questionable. Does an inopportune pregnancy allow another to be the decider on the future life of a fetus? As Marquis states, an FLO is to claim that a fetus now has the potential to be in a state of a certain kind in the future. (143) If a woman chooses to abort the fetus, according to Marquis, she is depriving it of the future it could possibly have. This would be more relevant to comprehend if one knew that the fetus would be born completely healthy. It is not known in the early stages of pregnancy if the fetus will be born without abnormalities, or defects. Therefor, it is impossible to state that the fetus would ever even see a FLO. It is wrong to kill peaceful or harmless persons, as Marquis argues, the FLO account of the wrongness of killing is correct because it explains why we believe that killing is one of the worst of crimes.(141) Would it also be wrong to place an individual in the world that is handicapped, deformed, or otherwise incompetent? Abortion is an inexpensive procedure to prevent this from occurring. If a woman knows that the fetus will more than likely not have a FLO, then she is correct in deciding on terminating her pregnancy. The determinants to this would be from being unfit or unplanned. If the woman is unhealthy in any way, then that creates an atmosphere for the unborn child that is unhealthy as well. Pro-choice followers do feel that there is a time when abortion is immoral and unethical, which is aborting after the second trimester. By the third trimester, a fetus has formed distinct facial features, digits, limbs, and internal organs. To anyone, this would be the equivalent to the physical human person. Warren states that, the late term fetus has features which cause it to arouse in us almost the same powerful protective instinct as does a small infant. (133) The consequences . cindygonzal24http://www.blogger.com/profile/00742844177696111557noreply@blogger.com0